Exam 3- Alterations In Erythrocyte Function

Question 1

Reticulocytosis

Answer 1

Increased blood level of immature erythrocytes.

Question 2

Polycythemia

Answer 2

Increased number or volume of circulating erythrocytes.

Blood can be too thick, causing blood clots.

Relative polycythemia as a result of dehydration after excessive diarrhea. Absolute polycythemia occurs in people who have hypercapnia in COPD.

Question 3

Anemia

Answer 3

Decreased number or volume of circulating erythrocytes.

Plasma volume increases to compensate, and the blood viscosity decreases, which causes blood flow to be turbulent.

Question 4

Eryptosis

Answer 4

Premature death of damage and erythrocytes.

Question 5

Poikilocytosis

Answer 5

Having erythrocytes of different shape.

Question 6

Anisocytosis

Answer 6

Having erythrocytes of different sizes

Question 7

Pancytopenia

Answer 7

Decreased number of circulating erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

Question 8

Microcytic

Answer 8

Erythrocytes small in size.

Results from defective DNA synthesis in bone marrow precursors.

Question 9

Macrocytic

Answer 9

Erythrocytes large in size.

Question 10

Folate deficiency anemia

Answer 10

Lack of folate for erythropoiesis. Premature cell death.

Associated with chronic malnourishment and chronic alcohol abuse. Dietary folate deficiency.

Microcytic-normochromic

Disease of impaired erythrocyte production.

Question 11

Megoblastic anemis

Answer 11

Indicates that the erythrocytes are macrocytic

Question 12

Iron deficiency anemia

Answer 12

Disease of impaired erythrocyte production.

Highest occurrence in women during the reproductive years and decreases after menopause. GI bleeds.

Symptoms: pallor, glossitis (tongue loses papillae and looks fissures) and koilonychia (concave, brittle fingernails).

Question 13

Lactoferrin

Answer 13

Released by neutrophils. Binds iron during bacterial infection, that’s contributing to anemia of chronic disease.

Question 14

Anemia of chronic kidney disease

Answer 14

A major contributor is deficiency of erythropoietin.

Question 15

Alloimmune hemolytic anemia

Answer 15

Can occur intravascular Lee, such as the hemolysis that occurs from a mismatch blood transfusion.

Question 16

Congenital hemolytic disorders

Answer 16

Correlated with splenomegaly.

Question 17

Normocytic-normochromich

Answer 17

Normal MVC and MCHC.

Examples: aplastic anemia, post hemorrhagic anemia, sickle cell anemia. Anemia of chronic disease.

Question 18

Anemia of chronic disease

Answer 18

Contributors: the release of cytokines during chronic inflammation decrease the availability of iron and inhibit erythroid production; lactoferrin releases neutrophils during bacterial infection, binding to iron.

Disease of impaired erythrocyte production.

Normocytic-normochromic.

Question 19

Thalassemia

Answer 19

Impaired synthesis of alpha or beta chain of hemoglobin a. Phagocytosis of abnormal erythroblasts in the marrow.

Microcytic-hypochromic. Type of hemolytic anemia. Defect of hemoglobin synthesis.

Question 20

Sickle cell anemia

Answer 20

Normocytic- normochromic.

Disease of increased erythrocyte distraction.

Question 21

Pernicious anemia

Answer 21

Lack of vitamin B12 for erythropoiesis. Abnormal DNA and rna synthesis in the erythroblast. Premature cell death.

Cause: congenital or acquired deficiency of intrinsic factor (IF); genetic disorder of DNA synthesis.

Disease of impaired erythrocyte production.

Macrocytic normochromic

Question 22

Aplastic anemia

Answer 22

An autoimmune disease in which Tc cells damage the HSCs in the bone marrow.

Disease of impaired erythrocyte production. Normocytic – normochromic.

One cause is benzene exposure.

Question 23

Hypochromic

Answer 23

Lower MCHC (Hgb content)

Symptoms are glossitis (tongue loses papillae and looks fissures) and koilonychia (concave, brittle fingernails).

Question 24

Hyperchromic

Answer 24

Higher MCHC (Hgb volume)

Question 25

Hereditary hemochromatosis

Answer 25

Autosomal recessive disorder that causes increased absorption of dietary iron.

May have to have blood removed regularly to decrease liver damage by having too much iron in the blood.

Question 26

Sideroblastic anemias

Answer 26

Characterized by defective synthesis of gene and may be acquired or hereditary, in which they usually have recessive X-linked transmission.

Question 27

Myelodysplastic Syndrome

Answer 27

Involves defects in all lines of HSCs.

Some people may develop leukemia.

Question 28

Serum ferritin levels

Answer 28

Used to measure iron when diagnosing anemia.

Question 29

Congenital hemolytic anemia

Answer 29

Caused by intrinsic defects in erythrocytes.

Occurs in the spleen by the action of macrophages.

Question 30

Acquired hemolytic anemias

Answer 30

Caused by the immune system.

Ex: drug-induced hemolytic anemia from antibiotics usually begins when the anabiotic serves as a hapten binds to erythrocyte proteins. When the drug attaches to the erythrocytes, the body makes antibodies that attached to the red blood cells and mark them for distraction. As a result, too many of them are destroyed by the spleen.

Question 31

Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Answer 31

Acquired. Idiopathic, caused by illness, or drug.

Most common type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

caused by IgG binding to erythrocytes with subsequent destruction of those erythrocytes in the spleen.

Question 32

Jaundice

Answer 32

Only occurs from hemolysis when heme destruction exceeds the limits ability to process and excrete bilirubin.

Question 33

Sickle cell anemia

Answer 33

Type of hemolytic anemia. Defect of hemoglobin synthesis.