Exam 3 - Alterations Of Hematologic Function Quick Study Flashcards
(76 cards)
1
Q
What is anemia?
A
Low blood cell count or low hemoglobin quality
2
Q
Causes of anemia
A
Blood loss
Impaired RBC production
Increased RBC destruction
3
Q
2 categories of anemia
A
Megaloblastic
Microcytic-hypochromic
4
Q
What is Megaloblastic anemia?
A
Cells are challenged to make DNA
Die prematurely
5
Q
What is microcytic-hypochromic anemia?
A
Small RBCs with low hemoglobin
6
Q
What does cytic refer to?
A
Cell size
7
Q
What does chromic refer to?
A
Hemoglobin content
8
Q
What does Anisocytosis mean?
A
Various sizes of RBCs
9
Q
What does Poikilocytosis mean?
A
Various shapes of RBCs
10
Q
Main manifestations of anemia
A
Decreased oxygen in RBC causes hypoxia
11
Q
Body systems involved when trying to compensate for anemia
A
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Hematologic
12
Q
Pernicious anemia is what type of anemia?
A
Megaloblastic
13
Q
What is PA?
A
B12 deficiency
14
Q
Patho of PA
A
B12 is needed to synthesize intrinsic factor
Intrinsic factor is needed by gastric cells.
15
Q
Risk factors for PA
A
Excessive alcohol or hot tea
Smoking
16
Q
Clinical manifestations of PA
A
(Develops over 20 years)
- weakness
- fatigue
- loss of appetite
- abdominal pain
- weight loss
- sore tongue / glossitis
- hepatomegaly
- splenomegaly
- paresthesias of feet/fingers
- trouble walking
17
Q
How much folate is needed daily?
A
50-200 mcg
18
Q
Patho of folate deficiency
A
Folate needed for thymine.
Thymine needed for rapidly dividing cells
19
Q
Risk factors for Folate deficiency anemia
A
Alcoholism
Malnourished
20
Q
Clinical manifestations of folate deficiency anemia
A
Severe cheilosis Stomatitis Burning mouth syndrome Dysphagia Flatulence Diarrhea
21
Q
What type of anemia is IDA?
A
Hypochromic-microcytic
22
Q
Daily requirement of iron
A
7-10 mg men
7-20 mg women
23
Q
Risk factors for IDA
A
Babies (cows milk) Toddlers Adolescent girls Teenagers (junk food) Child bearing women Older adults (restricted diet) Poverty
24
Q
Caused of IDA
A
Dietary deficiency
Impaired absorption
Increased demand
Chronic blood loss
25
Early symptoms of IDA
Fatigue
Weakness
SOB
Pale earlobes, palms, conjunctivae
26
Progressive symptoms of IDA
Brittle, ridged spoon nails
Burning mouth syndrome
Dysphagia
27
What type of anemia is posthemorrhagic anemia?
Normocytic-normochromic
28
Typical cause of posthemorrhagic anemia
Trauma
29
Clinical manifestations of blood loss
```
Decreased BP
Decreased cardiac output
Decreased central venous pressure
Increased heart rate
Dyspnea
Decreased SpO2
Fatigue
```
30
What is hemolytic anemia?
Premature accelerated destruction of RBCs
| Increase of RBC production, increased hemoglobin break down
31
Where in body does hemolytic anemia occur?
Intravascular or extravascular
Phagocytes (lymphoid tissue)
Macrophages (spleen, liver, bone marrow)
32
Causes of hemolytic anemia
Can be congenital or autoimmune disorder
- mechanical injury
- compliment fixation
- intracellular parasites
- toxins
33
Clinical manifestations of hemolytic anemia
Normal anemia symptoms
| Jaundice
34
What is anemia of chronic disease?
Decreased RBC production and impaired iron utilization in people with chronic systemic disease of inflammation
35
Clinical manifestations of ACD:
Mild to moderate anemia symptoms
36
Two types of RBC disorders
- over production of RBCs
| - deficiency of RBCs
37
What does polycythemia mean?
Over production of RBCs
38
Two types of polycythemia
Relative
| Absolute
39
What is relative polycythemia?
Concentrated blood from dehydration
40
Types of absolute polycythemia
Primary
| Secondary
41
What is secondary absolute polycythemia?
Increased erythropoietin in response to chronic hypoxia
42
What type of anemia is polycythemia Vera?
Chronic myeloproliferative
43
What is PV?
Chronic
Neoplastic
Nonmalignant
Overproduction of RBCs with increased WBC, increased platelets, and splenomegaly
44
Clinical manifestations of polycythemia Vera
```
Splenomegaly
Abdominal pain
Venous/arterial thrombosis
Vessel occlusion
Engorged retinal and cerebral veins
Ruddy face, hands, feet and ears
Headache
Drowsiness
Delirium
Mania
Depression
Visual disturbances
Increased BP
Painful itching, worse with water or heat
```
45
What is leukocytosis
Increased leukocytes
46
Causes of leukocytosis
```
Infection
Strenuous exercise
Emotional changes
Temperature changes
Drugs
Hormones
Toxins
```
47
What is leukopenia
Decreased leukocytes
48
Causes of leukopenia
```
Radiation
Anaphalytic shock
Autoimmune disease
Chemotherapy
Glucocorticoids (steroids)
```
49
What is neutropenia? (Amount?)
Decreased neutrophils
| <2,000/uL
50
Causes of neutropenia
Severe prolonged infection
| Chemotherapy
51
Why is neutropenia scary?
Leaves pt at risk for infection and is life threatening
52
Nursing considerations for neutropenia
```
Limit visitors
Keep door closed
Wash hands often
Avoid anyone with illness
Use reusable equipment and leave in room
Promote oral care
Prevent skin breakdown
Promote nutrition
```
53
What is leukemia?
Malignant disorder of blood
| Excessive accumulation of leukemic cells
54
Types of leukemia
Acute
| Chronic
55
What is acute leukemia
Presence of undifferentiated or immature cells, usually blast cells
56
Types of acute leukemia
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
| Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
57
What is chronic leukemia?
Predominant cell is mature but does not function normally.
| Advances slowly without warning
58
Types of chronic leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
| Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
59
Risk factors for leukemia
```
Family history
Environmental factors (cig smoke, benzene, radiation)
```
60
Clinical manifestations of acute leukemia
```
Bone marrow depression
Anemia (fatigue)
Thrombocytopenia (bleeding purpura)
Petechiae
Ecchymosis
Thrombosis
Hemorrhage
DIC
Infection
Weight loss
Bone pain
Elevated uric acid
Liver, spleen, lymph node enlargement
```
61
Clinical manifestations of chronic leukemia
```
Bone marrow depression
Splenomegaly
Extreme fatigue
Weight loss
Night sweats
Low-grade fever
```
62
What is a lymphadenopathy?
Enlarged, palpable, tender lymph nodes
63
What is local lymphadenopathy a result of?
Drainage of inflammatory lesion located near enlarged node
64
What is general lymphadenopathy a result of?
Presence of malignant or nonmalignant disease
65
What is thrombocytopenia
Disorders of platelets
| Platelet found <150,000/mm^3
66
Causes of thrombocytopenia
Hypersplenism
Autoimmune disease
Hypothermia
Viral or bacterial infections that cause DIC
67
What is DIC?
Disseminated intravascular disease
68
Clinical manifestations of thrombocytopenia
Petechiae and purpura
| Progressing to major hemorrhage
69
What is vitamin K needed for?
To regulate / synthesize prothrombin and prothrombin factors (II, VII, XI, X)
70
Causes of vitamin K deficiency
Lack of intake
| Excessive urination
71
Clinical manifestations of vitamin K deficiency
```
Easy bruising
Oozing of blood from any orifice
Excessive bleeding from wounds
Bleeding from GI tract
Urine in blood / stool
```
72
Lab counts for hemoglobin
Male: 4.35-5.65 trillion cells / L
Female: 3.92 - 5.13 trillion cells / L
73
Lab counts for hematocrit:
Male: 13.2 - 16.2 grams / dL
Female: 11.6-15 grams / dL
74
Lab counts for platelets
Male: 135-317 billion/L
Female: 157-371 billion / L
75
Lab count for WBCs
<11,000/mm^3
76
Lab count for iron
60-70 mcg/dL
