exam 3 - animal form and function

Question 1

difference between anatomy and physiology

Answer 1

anatomy: study of the biological forms of an organisms
physiology: study of the biological functions an organism performs

Question 2

factors that drive body and size

Answer 2

size and shape effect the way an animal interacts with its environment
many different animal body plans have evolved and are determined by the genome

Question 3

evolution of size and shape

Answer 3

physical laws constrain strength, diffusion, movement and heat exchange
as animals increase in size their skeletons must be proportionally larger to support their mass
evolutionary convergence reflects the different ways that an animal have adapted differently to a similar environment

Question 4

what materials do animals exchange w/ environment? know several ways its accomplished depending on animal

Answer 4

• materials such as nutrients, waste products, and gases must be exchanged across CDl membranes of an animals cells
• rate of exchange is proportional to the cells surface area, while the amount of exchange material is propotional to a cells volume

Question 5

examples of cells

Answer 5

• single cell protist: living in the water has a sufficient surface area of plasma membrane to service its entire volume of cytoplasm
  multicellular organisms: saclike body plan, body walls that are only two cells thick, facilizing diffusion of materials
• flat-animals(tapeworms) distance between cells and environment is minimized
• more complex organism: highly folded internal surfaces for exchanging material

Question 6

What is the purpose of interstitial fluid and where is it found?

Answer 6

In vertebrates, the space between cells is filled with interstitial fluid, which allows for the movement of material into and out of cells

Question 7

do all organs belong to one organ system?

Answer 7

no some organs can belong to more then one organ system, example is the pancreas

Question 8

know the hierarchy of body organization, be able to give examples of different levels

Answer 8

atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, and then the human organism

Question 9

example of each level of the hierarchy

Answer 9

hydrogen atoms, water molecule, variety of molecules come together to form fluid and organelles of a body cell, smooth tissue, bladder, urinary tract system

Question 10

name the four types of tissue

Answer 10

epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue

Question 11

Epithelial tissue and its function

Answer 11

covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body (cells are closely joined)

Question 12

describe the shapes that are formed from epithelial tissue

Answer 12

cuboidal - dice
columnar - bricks on end
squamous - like floor tiles

Question 13

Types of arrangement: epithelial tissue

Answer 13

simple - single cell layer
stratified - multiple layers of cells
pseudostratified - single layer of cells of varying length

Question 14

Connective tissue and its function

Answer 14

mainly binds and supports other tissues
- contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix

Question 15

What are the three types of connective tissue?

Answer 15

Collagenous - fibers provide strength and flexibility
elastic fiber - stretch and snap back to their original length
reticular fibers - join connectivity tissue to adjacent tissue

Question 16

In vertebrate fiber and foundation combine to form six major types of connective tissue…

Answer 16

loose connective tissue - binds the epithelial to underlying tissues and holds organs in place
Cartilage - strong and flexible support material
fibrous connective tissue - found in tendons which attach muscle to bones and ligaments which connect bones at the joint
adipose tissue - stores for insulation and fuel
Blood - composed of blood cells and cell fragments in blood plasma
bone - is mineralized and forms a skeleton

Question 17

function of muscle tissue

Answer 17

consists of long cells called muscle fibers, which contract in response to nerve signals

Question 18

cells included in connective tissue

Answer 18

Fibroblasts: secrete the protein of extra cellular fibers
Macrophages: involved in the immune systems

Question 19

3 types of muscle tissues

Answer 19

skeletal muscle: or striated muscle responsible for voluntary movement
smooth muscle: responsible for involuntary body activities
cardiac muscle: responsible for contraction of the heart

Question 20

nervous tissue

Answer 20

sense stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal

Question 21

What is contained in the nervous tissue

Answer 21

Neurons: or nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses
Glial cells or glia: help nourish insulate and replenish neutrons

Question 22

name the two body systems involved in coordination and control

Answer 22

nervous system and endocrine system

Question 23

name the difference between the two systems involved in coordination and control

Answer 23

endocrine system: transmits chemical signals called hormones, to receptive cells throughout the body via blood
nervous system: transmits information between specific locations

Question 24

Difference between regulator and a conformer W/ example

Answer 24

regulator: uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external environmental fluctuation
conformer: allows its internal condition to vary with certain external change
river otter ( temperature regulator)
large mouth bass ( temperature conformer)

Question 25

What is homeostasis, give several examples in humans

Answer 25

organisms use hemostasis to maintain a “steady” state or internal balance regardless of external environment
examples in humans:
body temp, blood pH, glucose concentration

Question 26

Feedback control in homeostasis
Postive and negative

Answer 26

Negative feedback: maintains dynamic equilibrium of homeostasis, helps returns the variable to a normal range
positive feedback: amplifies a stimulus and does not usually contribute to homeostasis

Question 27

alterations in homeostasis

Answer 27

set points and normal ranges can change with age or show cyclic variation
in animals and plants, a circadian rhythm governs physiological changes that occur roughly every 24 hours

Question 28

what is the process of thermoregulation

Answer 28

process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range

Question 29

what are the 5 adaptions animals have to help thermoregulate

Answer 29

insulation, circulatory adaptions, cooling by evaporation heat loss (sweating), behavioral response, adjusting metabolic heat production

Question 30

what part of the brain regulates thermoregulation

Answer 30

hypothalamus: triggers heat loss or heat generating mechanisms

Question 31

bioenergetic factors and what influences them:

Answer 31

determines how much food an animal needs and it relates to an animal size, activity and environment

Question 32

energy allocation and use

Answer 32

animals harvest chemical energy food
- energy containing molecules make ATP which powers cellular work

Question 33

Quantifying energy use

Answer 33

Metabolic rate: amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time
determined by - animal heat loss, amount of oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide produced

Question 34

energy budgets

Answer 34

different species use energy and materials in food in different ways depending on their environment
use of energy is partioned to BMR or SMR

Question 35

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) and Standard metabolic rate (SMR)

Answer 35

BMR: metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest at a comfortable temperature
SMR: metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature

Question 36

Torpor and energy conservation

Answer 36

Torpor: physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases
- enables animal to save energy while avoiding difficult and dangerous situations
Hibernation: long term torpor that is an adaption to winter cold and food scarcity