Exam 3 Bio

Question 1

The building blocks of DNA are

Answer 1

Nucleotides

Question 2

In order to make DNA, there must be 3 things:

Answer 2

1. A nitrogenous base - A,T,C,G
2. A sugar (Deoxyribose (5-carbon sugar))
3. Phosphate group

Question 3

The information stored in the order of bases is organized into the

Answer 3

genes

Question 4

Meselson and Stahl determined DNA replicates by a

Answer 4

semi-conservative model

Question 5

DNA replication is catalyzed by

Answer 5

DNA Polymerase

Question 6

A Helicase helps

Answer 6

unwind and separate the DNA helices

Question 7

In proofreading, the DNA polymer

Answer 7

reads the newly added base before adding the next one so a correction can be made

Question 8

Mismatch repair are

Answer 8

corrections that occur after replication is completed

Question 9

In nucelotide excision repair, enzymes

Answer 9

replace incorrect bases by making a cut on both ends of the incorrect base.

Question 10

The lytic cycle

Answer 10

the virus explodes the cell

Question 11

Lysogenic cycle

Answer 11

virus injects itself

Question 12

DNA ligase

Answer 12

dna linking enzyme

Question 13

Horizontal transmission

Answer 13

between different plants

Question 14

vertical transmission

Answer 14

from parent to child

Question 15

Initiation- the beginning of

Answer 15

transcription when the enzyme RNA Polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter.

Question 16

Elongation

Answer 16

Addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand

Question 17

Termination

Answer 17

ending of transcription, and occurs when RNA polymerase crosses a stop sequence in the gene

Question 18

What is needed for translation?

Answer 18

mRNA template, ribosomes, tRNAs

Question 19

Ribosomes

Answer 19

a complex macromolecule composed of structural and catalytic rRNAs

Question 20

tTRNAs

Answer 20

transfer amino acids. 1 amino acid at a time

Question 21

RNA

Answer 21

mRNA- Cookbook
rRNA- Kitchen
tRNA- Shopping cart (transferring food to the kitchen first)

Question 22

Amino acids were encoded by

Answer 22

nucleotide triplets

Question 23

The genetic code was

Answer 23

degenerate

Question 24

Can have up to

Answer 24

64 possible mRNA codons

Question 25

The genetic code is

Answer 25

universal

Question 26

Central Dogma of Life

Answer 26

It is our proper order. Every living thing goes by this rulebook.

Question 27

DNA to RNA is

Answer 27

transcription

Question 28

RNA to protein is

Answer 28

translation

Question 29

Mutations are

Answer 29

changes in DNA sequence

Question 30

Induced mutations are those that result from

Answer 30

exposure to chemicals, UV rays, X-Rays, or some other environmental agent

Question 31

Spontaneous mutations occur

Answer 31

without any exposure to any enviormental agent This can be a result of natural reactions taking place within the body

Question 32

Silent Mutations

Answer 32

have no impact on an organism

Question 33

Point mutations

Answer 33

affect a single base pair

Question 34

Transition substitutions

Answer 34

refers to a purine or pyrimidine being replaced by the same

Question 35

insertions

Answer 35

add a base

Question 36

deletions

Answer 36

remove a base

Question 37

Gene regulation is how a cell

Answer 37

controls which genes, out of the many genes in its genome are turned on (expressed)

Question 38

Eukaryotic organisms regulate gene expression at

Answer 38

all stages of transcription and translation

Question 39

Epigenetic

Answer 39

DNA uncoiling and binding of transcription factors

Question 40

Transcriptional

Answer 40

when RNA is being transcribed

Question 41

Post-transcriptional

Answer 41

RNA is processing and movement to the cytoplasm

Question 42

Translational

Answer 42

when RNA is translated

Question 43

Post-Translational

Answer 43

after a protein is made

Question 44

Structural proteins with related functions are usually encoded together within the genome in a block called an

Answer 44

Operon and are transcribed together under the control of a single promoter

Question 45

A repressor is a transcription factor that

Answer 45

suppresses transcription of a gene in response to an external stimulus by binding to a DNA sequence within the regulatory region called the operator

Question 46

An activator is a transcription factor that increases the

Answer 46

transcription of a gene in response to an external stimuli by facilitating RNA polymerase binding to the promoter

Question 47

An inducer is a

Answer 47

small molecule that either activates or represses transcription by interacting with a repressor or an activator.

Question 48

Introns are

Answer 48

parts of the RNA that are cut off before it enters translation

Question 49

The region of RNA that code for proteins are called

Answer 49

Exons