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BIO 111 > Exam 3 Bio 111 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Bio 111 Flashcards

1
Q

direct cell-to-cell contact

A

communicate via gap junction or surface receptors

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2
Q

autocrine signaling

A

cell signaling to itself

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3
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

cell signaling to nearby cells

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4
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

systemic signaling via hormones and
circulatory system

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5
Q

Synaptic signaling

A

chemical signals released by neurons
across a gap (the synapse) to a target cell

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6
Q

cytoplasmic receptor
(where, how is it set off)

A

intracellular space
hydrophobic hormone (steroid) or small molecules that passes through PM

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7
Q

membrane receptor
(where, how is it set off)

A

cell surface
may use 2nd messenger (intracellular signal)

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8
Q

membrane receptor: channel-linked

A

in nerve synapse
ligand binds -> channel opens

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9
Q

membrane receptor: enzymatic (catalytic) receptor

A

internal portion is protein tyrosine kinase
adds PO4 to AA, often autophosphorylates to activate receptor

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10
Q

Membrane Receptor: G-protein-couples receptors

A

interacts with G-proteins
binds with GTP(active)/GDP(inactive)

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11
Q

Protostome or Deuterostome?
Tunicate

A

Deuterostome

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12
Q

Protostome or Deuterostome?
sea urchin

A

Deuterostome

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13
Q

Protostome or Deuterostome?
earthworm

A

Protostome

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14
Q

Structures that give rise to the eye were derived from embryonic ____

A

ectoderm

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15
Q

Zika virus
(it infects ___ and ___, it blocks ___)

A

It may infect placental cells.
It may block the cell cycle in neurons.
It may infect neuronal precursor cells

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16
Q

troponin…

A

shifts tropomyosin that is covering myosin binding sites on actin

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17
Q

morula

A

solid ball of cells

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18
Q

blastula

A

hollow ball/disc of cells

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19
Q

gastrulation

A

germ layer differentiation

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20
Q

neurulation

A

formation of neural tube from ectoderm

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21
Q

Chordate characteristics

A

single hollow nerve cord
notochord
pharyngeal slits
postanal tail
segmentation

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22
Q

Microcephaly

A

head and brain significantly smaller
correlated with Zika virus in pregnant women

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23
Q

zika virus (what it is, what it does)

A

RNA flavirus
early embryonic infections cause development arrest and miscarriage
highest risk of defects in first trimester
CNS more prone than PNS
changes methylation of genes involved with immune response and neural development
destroys cells in brain that will develop into glial cells

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24
Q

zika virus entrance points

A

sexually transmitted via semen and blood
enters placental cells
enters chorionic villus and amniotic cells
may enter AXL protein receptor to enter neurons

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25
Q

aedas aegypti

A

mosquito that transmits Zika virus and dengue and yellow fevers
non native to US
found on all continents except Antarctica
eggs resistant to desiccation (drying out)

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26
Q

congenital zika syndrome

A

skull partially collapsed
decreased brain tissue
brain damage and subcortical calcifications
eye damage
deaf
hypertonia (rigid muscles)
infects immature neurons

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27
Q

Spina Bifida

A

split spine
bones that form backbone don’t develop properly

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28
Q

spacial pattern is present before…

A

fertilization

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29
Q

Actionomyosin D

A

inhibitor of RNA Poly. 2
inhibits mRNA synthesis

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30
Q

When do eggs rely on their own mRNA and protein instead of maternal mRNA?

A

midway through blastula stage

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31
Q

Balbani Bodies

A

aggregate of organelles
remain next to nucleus in tangle of amyloid protein
traffic molecules to vegetal pole at oogenesis

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32
Q

what protein determines A-P in insects

A

bicoid mRNA concentrated at anterior pole

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33
Q

shh vertebrate morphogen

A

sonic hedge hog
secreted by notochord cells
directs neurons to form neural tube
regulates transcription factors that guide neuron development
involved in limb development

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34
Q

gene hierarchy for development

A

maternal-gradients
zygotic-segments
homeotic-segment fate

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35
Q

induction

A

cell affects fate of other cell
lens formation-eye vesicles contacts ectoderm and induces lens formation

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36
Q

AMD cause

A

age related macular degeneration
wet-blood vessels leak
dry-cellular debris accumulates in macula, retinal pigment epithelial cells start to die

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37
Q

AMD treatment

A

treat using scaffold containing patients own induced pluripotent stem cells
human embryonic stem cells successfully treated

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38
Q

ALS
(name, what is it, results, what could cause it)

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
motor neuron disease-progressive loss of motor neurons in spinal cord, brainstem, and motor cortex
eventual paralysis and nerve cell death
mutated glial cells may secrete poison to cause this (PolyP)

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39
Q

CNS developed from ___

A

neural tube

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40
Q

PNS or CNS?
sensory neruon

A

PNS

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41
Q

PNS or CNS?
interneurons

A

CNS

42
Q

PNS or CNS?
motor neurons

A

PNS

43
Q

at resting potential, cell are impermeable to _ and permeable to_

A

Imp: Na+ Cl- proteins
P: K+ (bc open channels)

44
Q

voltage gated channels are concentrated in ___

A

unmyelinated regions of the axon

45
Q

chemically gated channels are on___

A

the dendrites that the ligand (neurotransmitter) binds to

46
Q

Na+ gates
(fast/slow, closed/open)

A

Ac: fast on extracellular side, closed at resting
Inac: slow on intracellular side, open at resting

47
Q

K+ gate
(fast/slow, closed/open)
because it is slow, it causes ____

A

slow activation gate
closed at resting
causes hyperpolarization

48
Q

Ca++ gate

A

activation on intracellular side
closed at resting

49
Q

strong depolarization stimulus opens ___ channels, causing a AP

A

Na+

50
Q

AP direction

A

cell body -> axon terminal

51
Q

what is the axon hillock

A

thickened base of axon

52
Q

refractory period

A

unable to respond to 2nd potential for short period of time
hyperpolarization

53
Q

during AP, voltage changes from -70 to ___

A

+50mV

54
Q

during AP, what binds to receptors on dendrite?

A

excitatory and inhibitory ligands that will affect membrane potential

55
Q

diffusion of ions across neuron membrane occurs because ____

A

voltage gated channels change shape

56
Q

Sodium channels are ___ gated

A

voltage

57
Q

MOST potassium channels are ___ gated

A

voltage

58
Q

voltage gated Na+ and K= channels are concentrated at___

A

node of ranvier

59
Q

why do AP only happen in one direction?

A

region previously fired is in refractory period (hyperpolarized)

60
Q

what is saltatory conduction

A

AP produced at node of ranvier stimulates AP at next node

61
Q

what 2 things increase speed of conductance

A

increase diameter in order to lower resistance
insulate with myelin

62
Q

schwann cells (what, where, and how much)

A

form the myelin sheath in PNS
one cell forms one unit

63
Q

oligodendrocytes (what, where and how much)

A

form the myelin sheath in CNS
one cell can form multiple units

64
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

myelin in CNS attacked
caused coordination and walking problems, numbness, and vision problems

65
Q

CMT

A

charcot marie tooth
group of disorders that cause nerve damage in myelin sheath of PNS
usually affects legs feet and hands

66
Q

Ca++ influx when there is an AP causes …

A

vesicles with neurotransmitterr to fuse to PM
NT released into synaptic cleft and bind to postsynaptic neurons
neurons receive signal at dendrites

67
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitter makes a neuron more ___ charged and ___ likely to fire an AP

A

negatively
less

68
Q

excitatory neurotransmitter makes a neuron more ___ charged and ___ likely to fire an AP

A

positively
more

69
Q

acetylcholine (inhibitory/excitatory, controls, destroyed by)

A

usually excitatory
control skeletal muscles and memory processing
destroyed by enzyme acetylcholinesterase
^^ allows receptors to recover and continue to respond to more APs

70
Q

Dopamine (inhibitory/excitatory, derived from, produced in, how do drugs affect it)

A

usually inhibitory
derived from AA tyrosine
produced in substantia nigra
reuptake blocked by stimulants

71
Q

topic anesthetics work by

A

reduce permeability of Na+ to neuron membranes so AP isn’t generated

72
Q

neurotoxins block conduction of nerve signals by (types and animal examples)

A

green mamba snake, scorpion, pufferfish
dendrotoxins: blocks K+ channels
tetrodotoxin: blocks Na+ channels
prolong AP and cause convulsions

73
Q

inability to feel pain is a mutation in ….

A

protein SCN9A
forms alpha subunit of sodium channel in nociceptor neurons
nonfunctional sodium channel

74
Q

what can restore function in paralyzed patients?

A

electrical stimulation to spinal cord
less inflammation and tissue damage

75
Q

cardiac muscle

A

gap junctions support electrical synchronization of contraction bc ions flow directly between cells

76
Q

smooth muscle

A

no sarcomeres
involuntary movement

77
Q

striated muscle

A

skeletal muscle
voluntary movement

78
Q

single muscle fiber is ___ formed by ____

A

large multinucleate cell
myoblast fusion during development

79
Q

myocytes

A

muscle cell containing bundled myofibrils made of protein myofilaments

80
Q

what proteins are for structure in muscles

A

actin and myosin
contraction controlled by binding of them

81
Q

what proteins are for regulation in muscles

A

troponin (binds to Ca++) and tropomyosin

82
Q

sarcomere

A

unit of contraction
how myofibrils are organized

83
Q

____ shape change moves ___ (tropo___) to expose ___ on ____

A

TROPONIN shape change move TROPOMYOSIN to expose MYOSIN binding sites on ACTIN

84
Q

muscle neurotransmitter is ___
muscle receptor is ___

A

acetylcholine
chemically gated Na+ channel

85
Q

Ca++ levels in sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

high
(low in cytoplasm)
pumps Ca++ from cytoplasm to SR

86
Q

T-tubules purpose

A

carry AP to entire muscle

87
Q

Muscular Dystrophies

A

deterioration of muscle cells ability to maintain itself

88
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is ___-linked

A

X

89
Q

myoglobin

A

O2 binding molecule abundant in slow twitch fibers

90
Q

slow fibers

A

smaller diamtere
darker color bc myoglobin
fatigue resistant
aerobic
alpha-actinin-2
enduring muscle

91
Q

fast fibers

A

large diameter
paler
easily fatigued
anaerobic
alpha-actinin-3
big explosive muscle

92
Q

chemiosmosis

A

protons diffuse into mitochondria via ATP synthase (channel protein)

93
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

heart->lungs->heart

94
Q

systemic circulation

A

heart->body->heart

95
Q

arteries/arterioles

A

away from heart

96
Q

veins/venules

A

going back to heart

97
Q

gas/fluid exchange vessels

A

capillaries

98
Q

blood vessel in order of blood pressure

A

highest- arteries
med_-cappilaries
lowest-veins

99
Q

atmospheric air is mostly

A

nitrogen

100
Q
A

BIO 111 (5 decks)

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