exam 3 bms Flashcards
(213 cards)
1
Q
NAME?
A
Blood is supplied to a nephron by its __________.
2
Q
NAME?
A
One of the organic substances not normally excreted by the kidney is __________.
3
Q
NAME?
A
Which of the following structures consist of specialized cells that secrete renin when glomerular blood pressure falls?
4
Q
NAME?
A
Which section of the renal tubules is connected to the glomerular capsule?
5
Q
NAME?
A
Of what type of epithelium is the outer capsular epithelium of the glomerular capsule made?
6
Q
NAME?
A
Which of these hormones causes the kidney to increase the body’s content of sodium?
7
Q
NAME?
A
Which of these is not a property of the renal counter-current multiplier?
8
Q
NAME?
A
Functions of the urinary system include
9
Q
NAME?
A
A glomerulus is
10
Q
NAME?
A
The kidneys not only remove waste products from the blood, they also assist in the regulation of
11
Q
NAME?
A
The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by
12
Q
NAME?
A
Which section of the nephron performs MOST of the glucose and water reabsorption?
13
Q
NAME?
A
Which section of the nephron filters blood plasma?
14
Q
-1
A
True or false? The nephron loop does NOT do any secretion.
15
Q
NAME?
A
In which region of the kidney are the renal pyramids located?
16
Q
NAME?
A
Which of the following is NOT part of a renal lobe?
17
Q
NAME?
A
Which of the following is directly connected to the ureters?
18
Q
NAME?
A
The urinary filtrate first enters __________.
19
Q
NAME?
A
Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures?
20
Q
NAME?
A
Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the
21
Q
NAME?
A
In the renal corpuscle, the glomerular epithelium is a layer of specialized cells called:
22
Q
NAME?
A
Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are
23
Q
NAME?
A
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule and the glomerulus make up the
24
Q
NAME?
A
The filtration of plasma takes place in the
25
#NAME?
The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is
26
#NAME?
The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers
27
#NAME?
The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of
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#NAME?
The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney.
29
#NAME?
Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except
30
#NAME?
Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, except
31
#NAME?
The macula densa forms part of the __________.
32
#NAME?
The main force(s) opposing glomerular filtration is (are) __________.
33
#NAME?
The process of filtration is driven by
34
#NAME?
If heavy exercise reduces blood flow to the kidneys, which of the following might occur?
35
#NAME?
One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to
36
#NAME?
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by
37
#NAME?
The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is
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#NAME?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes __________.
39
#NAME?
The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of
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#NAME?
Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following, except
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#NAME?
A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to
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#NAME?
Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include
43
#NAME?
Filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule normally contains
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#NAME?
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop (loop of Henle)?
45
#NAME?
In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce
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#NAME?
The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium.
47
#NAME?
In addition to the urinary system, bodily wastes are removed by all of these systems except the __________.
48
evaporative cooling
Sweating produces heat loss largely by __________.
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heat
About 40% of the energy content of nutrients is captured as ATP. The remainder is lost as __________.
50
liver
Which organ produces most of the urea in the body?
51
iron
An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is
52
liver cells
Gluconeogenesis is performed by __________.
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reduced; oxidized
When NAD+ is ________ it becomes NADH. When NADH is ________ it becomes NAD+.
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high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
Sometimes called "good cholesterol," ________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.
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muscle proteins are used as an energy source.
During starvation
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fatty acids are converted into molecules of acetyl-coA
During beta-oxidation, __________.
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glucagon secretion
Which of these is not characteristic of the absorptive state?
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metabolism.
The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called
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the mitochondria
Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.
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All of the answers are correct.
Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for
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All of the answers are correct.
Cells must synthesize new organic compounds
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remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.
The function of the citric acid cycle is to
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a coenzyme
In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another.
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a metal ion.
Each cytochrome contains
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All of the answers are correct.
During glycolysis
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begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid.
The citric acid cycle
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the citric acid cycle.
The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during
68
All of the answers are correct.
In the electron transport chain
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transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes in the mitochondrial cristae
What is the role of NADH in metabolism?
70
mitochondrial matrix.
The citric acid cycle occurs in the
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oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as carbon dioxide.
The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process because
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supply hydrogen atoms to the mitochondria.
The main purpose of the citric acid cycle is to
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carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP).
The end products of aerobic respiration are
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acetyl-CoA
Synthesis of fatty acids starts with __________.
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Lipid molecules are converted into glucose molecules.
Which of these statements is not true about beta-oxidation?
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linoleic acid and linolenic acid.
The essential fatty acids are
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chylomicrons.
The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are
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provide energy for cells with modest energy demands.
Lipids
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urea
The ammonia that is removed from an amino acid during deamination is converted to the less toxic form of __________.
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B6
Removal of the amino group from amino acids in the first step of their catabolism requires a coenzyme derived from vitamin ________.
81
transferred to a keto acid.
In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is
82
the liver forms glycogen.
During the absorptive state,
83
The liver produces more glycogen.
Which of these is not likely to occur during the postabsorptive state?
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growth hormone
Which of the following complements the actions of glucocorticoids?
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potassium.
The major cation in cytoplasm is
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chloride.
The major anion in body fluids is
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calcium.
A cation that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is
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A
The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin
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K
The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin
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thiamine.
The vitamin whose deficiency causes beriberi is
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riboflavin.
The vitamin that is part of the coenzymes FAD and FMN is
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niacin.
The vitamin that is part of the coenzyme NAD is
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pyridoxine (B6).
A vitamin obtained from meat that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is
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pantothenic acid.
The vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A is
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folic acid (folate).
The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is
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D
Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body.
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radiation.
The loss of infrared energy from the body is called
98
All of the answers are correct.
The heat-gain center for thermoregulation
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decreased acid secretion
Which of these effects on digestion is not produced by the parasympathetic nervous system?
100
esophagus and stomach
The cardiac sphincter is found between the __________.
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nervous
The cephalic phase of stomach function is an example of the __________ system interacting with the digestive system.
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stimulates gastric secretion
Which of these descriptions best matches the term gastrin?
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greater omentum
A fatty apron known as the __________ protects the abdominal viscera anteriorly.
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bladder.
Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract, except the
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mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.
Digestion refers to the
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All of the answers are correct.
The activities of the digestive system are regulated by
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coordinates activity of muscularis externa
Which of these descriptions best matches the term myenteric plexus?
108
mesenteries
The ________ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend the visceral organs and carry nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.
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submucosal plexus.
Sensory nerve cells, parasympathetic ganglia, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers can be found in the
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lamina propria.
The layer of loose connective tissue that directly supports the digestive epithelium is the
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large intestine
What organ is primarily responsible for water absorption?
112
large intestine
Which organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials?
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stratified squamous
The oral mucosa has ________ epithelium.
114
All of the answers are correct.
The serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity
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uvula.
A structure that helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely is the
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dentin.
The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called
117
pulp cavity.
The part of a tooth that contains blood vessels and nerves is the
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cementum.
The root of a tooth is covered by
119
parasympathetic stimulation.
Increased secretion by all the salivary glands results from
120
parotid glands.
In most cases, the mumps is a viral infection of the
121
vestibule.
The space between the cheeks or lips and the teeth is called the
122
posterior margin of the soft palate.
The uvula is located at the
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mucus
The cells in the gastric mucosa near the openings of the gastric pits largely specialize in secreting __________.
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hydrochloric acid.
Parietal cells secrete
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pepsinogen.
Chief cells secrete
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gastrin.
G cells of the stomach secrete
127
body.
The part of the stomach that functions as a mixing chamber for food and secretions is the
128
rugae.
The prominent ridges in the lining of the empty stomach are called
129
stimulate hunger.
The stomach secretes the hormone ghrelin which functions to
130
proteins.
The enzyme pepsin digests
131
duodenum.
The pylorus empties into the
132
there is an increased flow of action potentials along the vagus nerve to the stomach.
During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion,
133
entry of food into the stomach.
The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the
134
pernicious anemia.
Mary had her stomach mostly removed to try to overcome obesity. As a result you would expect Mary to be at risk for
135
is greater during digestion of a large meal than following a 24-hour fast.
The pH of the blood in gastric veins
136
has three layers of muscle in the muscularis externa.
The stomach is different from other digestive organs in that it
137
a higher pH during gastric digestion.
A drug that blocks the action of carbonic anhydrase in parietal cells would result in
138
jejunum
Most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption is performed in the __________.
139
increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine.
Plicae and intestinal villi
140
enterocrinin
An intestinal hormone that stimulates mucus secretion by the submucosal duodenal glands is
141
secretin
The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release a watery, bicarbonate-rich fluid is
142
cholecystokinin
An intestinal hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile is
143
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).
An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is
144
gastrin
An intestinal hormone that stimulates gastric secretion is
145
pancreatic acini.
The exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of
146
lobule
The basic functional unit of the liver is the
147
All of the answers are correct.
The Kupffer cells of the liver
148
All of the answers are correct.
The pancreas produces
149
gallbladder
Bile is stored in the
150
All of the answers are correct.
Enterogastric reflexes
151
All of the answers are correct.
The essential functions of the liver include
152
undigested fat in the feces.
An obstruction of the common bile duct often results in
153
jaundice
Tom has hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe in Tom?
154
sodium bicarbonate from the pancreas
Hydrochloric acid from the stomach is neutralized in the small intestine by:
155
pancreatic juice
Which digestive juice contains enzymes that breakdown carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins?
156
mass movements.
Powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called
157
resorption (absorption) of water and compaction of feces.
Functions of the large intestine include
158
expansible pouches of the colon.
Haustra are
159
appendix
A small, wormlike structure attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum is the
160
pancreas
The enzyme alpha-amylase that digests polysaccharides is secreted by the __________.
161
diffusion
Lipid-soluble vitamins cross the digestive epithelium primarily by _________.
162
polysaccharides
The enzyme amylase digests
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trypsin
An enzyme that digests proteins into peptides is
164
mouth
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the
165
lactose
If digestion of a carbohydrate results in equal amounts of glucose and galactose, this carbohydrate is probably
166
the intestinal crypts are not producing the enzyme lactase
Which of the following is true regarding lactose intolerance?
167
All of these systems are important in the regulation of digestion.
Regulation of digestion depends on the __________.
168
epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue.
The respiratory mucosa consists of
169
the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.
Henry's law states that
170
they are equal.
When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that
171
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
As air moves from the nasal cavity to the glottis it passes through the pharynx in this order, __________.
172
decreased pH
Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?
173
All of the answers are correct
Carbonic anhydrase
174
trachea
The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the
175
torr.
The unit of measurement for pressure preferred by many respiratory therapists is
176
it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.
Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because
177
increased thickness of the respiratory membrane
Which of these changes will decrease the effectiveness of gas exchange across the respiratory membrane?
178
In the plasma, as dissolved CO2 or HCO3 -
Where is more than 70 percent of the carbon dioxide carried in the blood?
179
phonation.
Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces
180
in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.
Dalton's law states that
181
thick secretions that are difficult to transport.
Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from
182
movement of air into and out of the alveoli.
Alveolar ventilation refers to the
183
pharynx
The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems.
184
more intense inhalation.
Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in
185
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
186
an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.
Asthma is
187
both the medulla oblongata and the pons
The respiratory centers are located in __________.
188
epiglottis is depressed.
During swallowing, the
189
alveoli
The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are
190
larynx
The vocal folds are located within the
191
nasopharynx
The auditory tubes open into the
192
provide stimulation to the inspiratory center.
The apneustic centers of the pons
193
Inspiratory reserve volume
________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.
194
carbonic acid.
Carbon dioxide and water combine to form
195
pharynx
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the
196
Tidal volume
________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.
197
movement of air into and out of the lungs.
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the
198
lower respiratory tract.
The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the
199
bound to hemoglobin
Most oxygen is transported in the blood stream while it is __________.
200
All of these changes can be expected if the production of surfactant is inadequate.
If the production of surfactant by type II alveolar cells (septal cells) is inadequate, which of these changes is expected?
201
protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation.
The Hering-Breuer reflex
202
the opening to the larynx.
The glottis is
203
simple squamous epithelium.
The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of
204
decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.
Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will
205
diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.
External respiration involves the
206
elevated PCO2.
The term hypercapnia refers to
207
pulmonary embolism.
Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by a clot or similar obstruction is
208
bicarbonate ions.
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
209
inversely proportional to volume
Boyle's law states gas pressure is __________.
210
transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma.
The chloride shift occurs in order to
211
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of
212
inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.
During quiet breathing,
213
modifies the rate and depth of breathing.
The pneumotaxic center of the pons
