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UT BME 365R > Exam 3: Cardiovascular Physiology > Flashcards

Exam 3: Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood pumped out per beat (in mL)

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2
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped out per minute (L/min)

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3
Q

stroke volume equations

A

SV x heart rate = cardiac output

SV = EDV - ESV

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4
Q

afterload

A

pressure in left/right ventricle when aortic valve opens; pressure that heart must work against to pump blood during ventricular contraction (systole)

balloon analogy: knot at the end of balloon; to get air out, balloon must work against the knot

greater aortic pressure means greater afterload

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5
Q

preload

A

degree of myocardial stretch at the end of ventricular filling before contraction begins; amount of ventricular wall stress at the end of diastole

balloon analogy: blowing air into a balloon and it stretches; the more air that goes in, the greater the stretch

greater EDV means greater preload

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6
Q

sarcomere length is reflected by ventricular…

A

volume

force generated by muscle fiber is proportional to length of sarcomeres

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7
Q

aortic pulse pressure

A

AP = systolic blood pressure - diastolic blood pressure

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8
Q

desmosomes

A

cell-cell anchoring junctions

can link large number of cells into strings using intermediate filaments inside the cells; provide large tensile strength

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9
Q

intermediate filaments

A

made of keratin (mostly epithelial cells) or desmin (heart)

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10
Q

period of ejection

A

time between opening and closing of aortic valve

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11
Q

average velocity in aorta equation

A

velocity = stroke volume / (area of aorta * time length of cardiac cycle)

effectively flow/area from velocity = Q/area

stroke volume is flow/beat and therefore flow/time length of cardiac cycle (Q, volumetric flow rate)

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12
Q

ejection fraction

A

fraction of the end diastolic ventricular volume that is ejected with each beat; measured as a percentage

EF = SV / EDV * 100

normal range is 50% to 75% (ish - sources vary); below 40% is a sign of possible heart failure

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13
Q

the longer a muscle fiber is when contraction begins, the greater the…

A

tension that develops in that tissue

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14
Q

how have mechanic heart measurements been taken in experimental settings?

A

with an isolated heart pumping saline; inlet pressure to the left atria (preload) and the outlet resistance are controlled

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15
Q

valves ensure ______ flow

A

unidirectional

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16
Q

what are some of the potential causes for cardiovascular deaths during the winter?

A

cold weather causes vasoconstriction and heart must then work harder to pump blood to the body, shoveling snow can force typically sedentary people to do a hard task

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17
Q

portal veins

A

transport blood that is leaving one organ to another one

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18
Q

liver’s dual blood supply

A

portal vein and hepatic arteries

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19
Q

pericardium

A

fluid-filled sac that surrounds the heart

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20
Q

systole

A

contraction

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21
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

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22
Q

valves open passively when…

A

blood presses against them

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23
Q

tricuspid valve

A

between RA and RV

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24
Q

bicuspid/mitral valve

A

between LA and LV

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25
Q

semilunar valves

A

between each ventricle and their respective arteries

aortic semilunar valve: between LV and aorta

pulmonary semilunar valve: between RV and pulmonary artery

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26
Q

where does the contraction force come from?

A

ventricle

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27
Q

most commonly replaced valves?

A

aortic and mitral valves

need to be replaced if experiencing regurgitative flow

narrowing of blood vessels can cause the need for aortic valve replacement

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28
Q

what makes the “lub” sound?

A

closing of AV valves

closing of the valves between the upper chambers (atria) and lower chambers (ventricles)

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29
Q

what makes the “dub” sound?

A

closing of semilunar valves

closing of the valves in the pulmonary and aortic arteries leaving the heart

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30
Q

cardia conduction pathway

A
  1. SA (sinoatrial) node
  2. internodal pathway
  3. AV (atrioventricular) node
  4. bundle of His
  5. left and right bundle branches
  6. Purkinje fibers
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31
Q

ECG: P wave

A

atrial depolarization

two waves before the big spike

kind of rounded wave before the dip before the spike

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32
Q

ECG: QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization (atria repolarize simultaneously)

33
Q

ECG: T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

34
Q

PR segment

A

AV nodal delay; allows atria to finish contracting before ventricles contract

35
Q

ST segment

A

ventricles are contracting and emptying

36
Q

between T and P waves

A

ventricles relaxing and filling

37
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

missing P waves

38
Q

AV block

A

some P waves will have no QRS; also missing T; problem with conduction through AV node

39
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

no recognizable waves; most common case for patients in cardiac arrest

40
Q

bradycardia

A

normal waves but slow heart rate; less than 60 beats per minute

41
Q

premature ventricular contraction

A

some S waves may be flipped

42
Q

autorhythmic cells

A

heart rate can be modulated through them

2 stim
sympathetic and parasympathetic

43
Q

sympathetic stimulation

A

increases heart rate

norepinephrine and epinephrine

bind to beta1-adrenergic receptor

increase ion flow through ACN (permeable to potassium and sodium while open) and Ca2+ channels

44
Q

parasympathetic stimulation

A

decreases heart rate

acetylcholine (Ach)

activates muscarinic cholinergic receptors

increases K+ permeability

decreases Ca2+ permeability

takes a longer time to reach threshold potential

associated with resting, associated with increase in blood vessels toward gut

45
Q

when does minimum aortic pressure occur?

A

at the end of isovolumetric contraction

46
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

time weighted average

diastolic + 1/3(systolic - diastolic)

47
Q

blood pressure: 130/100

A

systolic: 130

diastolic: 100

48
Q

polycythemia

A

body produces too many red blood cells

increases blood viscosity and slows flow

increased risk of heart attack and stroke

hard to move through cappillaries

49
Q

congestive heart failure

A

weak heart that doesn’t pump as much as it should

decreased stroke volume

symptoms: edema, fatigue, shortness of breath

increased heart rate because of need to compensate

50
Q

artery material properties

A

elastic and “springy”

have the most elastic tissue and smooth muscle

51
Q

arterioles

A

can constrict and dilate

52
Q

capillaries

A

super small and can barely let red blood cells through

53
Q

arteriole

A

endothelium and smooth muscle

54
Q

venule

A

endothelium and fibrous tissue

55
Q

refractory period is determined by

A

Na+ channel dynamics

56
Q

how long does an action potential last?

A

250 ms

57
Q

how long is the absolute refractory period?

A

200 ms

58
Q

what does sphygmomanometer measure?

A

pressures in the major arteries during ventricular systole and diastole

59
Q

where else are valves found outside the heart?

A

veins; to prevent backflow due to low pressure

60
Q

Frank-Starling curve: increase in preload results in…

A

increased stroke volume

61
Q

patent foramen ovale

A

fetal development; allows blood to flow from right atrium to enter the left atrium

sometimes is a defect that doesn’t go away after fetal development

62
Q

S3

A

heart failure for older people

normal for younger people or athletes

63
Q

relaxation of precapillary sphincters causes…

A

blood to flow into a capillary bed

64
Q

what can reduce ventricular EDV?

A

vasodilation

65
Q

beta blockers

A

reduce blood pressure by blocking the receptor site for epinephrine

66
Q

anastomosis

A

joining of two blood vessels

common at joints

can be a connection between artery and vein. bad.

flow deviates from laminar flow

67
Q

pulse pressure

A

systolic - diastolic

68
Q

action potentials in the heart are _______ than muscles

A

100x slower

69
Q

pericardial effusion

A

possible cause of cardiac tamponade

70
Q

pericardium

A

fluid filled sac that surrounds the heart

71
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

pressure on the heart that occurs when blood or fluid builds up in the space between the heart muscle and the outer covering sac of the heart

72
Q

ultrasound imaging of the heart

A

non-invasive, info about blood flow

73
Q

how do cardiomyocytes communicate with other cardiomyocytes?

A

gap junctions

holds in between cells

74
Q

cardioplegia solution

A

includes a high K+ concentration

75
Q

reduction in thromboxane

A

anti-inflammatory processes

76
Q

a disruption to conduction through the ventricles would change…

A

QRS complex

77
Q

would an inhibitor of voltage-gated Na+ channel affect cardio autorhythmic cells?

A

no! but would affect cardiomyocytes

78
Q

troponin is only found in the heart…

A

therefore if there is troponin in the blood, there is cardiomyocyte damage

UT BME 365R (2 decks)

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