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UT BME 365R > Exam 3: Cardiovascular Physiology > Flashcards

Exam 3: Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood pumped out per beat (in mL)

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2
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped out per minute (L/min)

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3
Q

stroke volume equations

A

SV x heart rate = cardiac output

SV = EDV - ESV

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4
Q

afterload

A

pressure in left/right ventricle when aortic valve opens; pressure that heart must work against to pump blood during ventricular contraction (systole)

balloon analogy: knot at the end of balloon; to get air out, balloon must work against the knot

greater aortic pressure means greater afterload

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5
Q

preload

A

degree of myocardial stretch at the end of ventricular filling before contraction begins; amount of ventricular wall stress at the end of diastole

balloon analogy: blowing air into a balloon and it stretches; the more air that goes in, the greater the stretch

greater EDV means greater preload

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6
Q

sarcomere length is reflected by ventricular…

A

volume

force generated by muscle fiber is proportional to length of sarcomeres

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7
Q

aortic pulse pressure

A

AP = systolic blood pressure - diastolic blood pressure

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8
Q

desmosomes

A

cell-cell anchoring junctions

can link large number of cells into strings using intermediate filaments inside the cells; provide large tensile strength

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9
Q

intermediate filaments

A

made of keratin (mostly epithelial cells) or desmin (heart)

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10
Q

period of ejection

A

time between opening and closing of aortic valve

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11
Q

average velocity in aorta equation

A

velocity = stroke volume / (area of aorta * time length of cardiac cycle)

effectively flow/area from velocity = Q/area

stroke volume is flow/beat and therefore flow/time length of cardiac cycle (Q, volumetric flow rate)

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12
Q

ejection fraction

A

fraction of the end diastolic ventricular volume that is ejected with each beat; measured as a percentage

EF = SV / EDV * 100

normal range is 50% to 75% (ish - sources vary); below 40% is a sign of possible heart failure

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13
Q

the longer a muscle fiber is when contraction begins, the greater the…

A

tension that develops in that tissue

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14
Q

how have mechanic heart measurements been taken in experimental settings?

A

with an isolated heart pumping saline; inlet pressure to the left atria (preload) and the outlet resistance are controlled

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15
Q

valves ensure ______ flow

A

unidirectional

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16
Q

what are some of the potential causes for cardiovascular deaths during the winter?

A

cold weather causes vasoconstriction and heart must then work harder to pump blood to the body, shoveling snow can force typically sedentary people to do a hard task

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17
Q

portal veins

A

transport blood that is leaving one organ to another one

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18
Q

liver’s dual blood supply

A

portal vein and hepatic arteries

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19
Q

pericardium

A

fluid-filled sac that surrounds the heart

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20
Q

systole

A

contraction

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21
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

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22
Q

valves open passively when…

A

blood presses against them

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23
Q

tricuspid valve

A

between RA and RV

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24
Q

bicuspid/mitral valve

A

between LA and LV

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25
semilunar valves
between each ventricle and their respective arteries aortic semilunar valve: between LV and aorta pulmonary semilunar valve: between RV and pulmonary artery
26
where does the contraction force come from?
ventricle
27
most commonly replaced valves?
aortic and mitral valves need to be replaced if experiencing regurgitative flow narrowing of blood vessels can cause the need for aortic valve replacement
28
what makes the "lub" sound?
closing of AV valves closing of the valves between the upper chambers (atria) and lower chambers (ventricles)
29
what makes the "dub" sound?
closing of semilunar valves closing of the valves in the pulmonary and aortic arteries leaving the heart
30
cardia conduction pathway
1. SA (sinoatrial) node 2. internodal pathway 3. AV (atrioventricular) node 4. bundle of His 5. left and right bundle branches 6. Purkinje fibers
31
ECG: P wave
atrial depolarization two waves before the big spike kind of rounded wave before the dip before the spike
32
ECG: QRS complex
ventricular depolarization (atria repolarize simultaneously)
33
ECG: T wave
ventricular repolarization
34
PR segment
AV nodal delay; allows atria to finish contracting before ventricles contract
35
ST segment
ventricles are contracting and emptying
36
between T and P waves
ventricles relaxing and filling
37
atrial fibrillation
missing P waves
38
AV block
some P waves will have no QRS; also missing T; problem with conduction through AV node
39
ventricular fibrillation
no recognizable waves; most common case for patients in cardiac arrest
40
bradycardia
normal waves but slow heart rate; less than 60 beats per minute
41
premature ventricular contraction
some S waves may be flipped
42
autorhythmic cells
heart rate can be modulated through them 2 stim sympathetic and parasympathetic
43
sympathetic stimulation
increases heart rate norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to beta1-adrenergic receptor increase ion flow through ACN (permeable to potassium and sodium while open) and Ca2+ channels
44
parasympathetic stimulation
decreases heart rate acetylcholine (Ach) activates muscarinic cholinergic receptors increases K+ permeability decreases Ca2+ permeability takes a longer time to reach threshold potential associated with resting, associated with increase in blood vessels toward gut
45
when does minimum aortic pressure occur?
at the end of isovolumetric contraction
46
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
time weighted average diastolic + 1/3(systolic - diastolic)
47
blood pressure: 130/100
systolic: 130 diastolic: 100
48
polycythemia
body produces too many red blood cells increases blood viscosity and slows flow increased risk of heart attack and stroke hard to move through cappillaries
49
congestive heart failure
weak heart that doesn't pump as much as it should decreased stroke volume symptoms: edema, fatigue, shortness of breath increased heart rate because of need to compensate
50
artery material properties
elastic and "springy" have the most elastic tissue and smooth muscle
51
arterioles
can constrict and dilate
52
capillaries
super small and can barely let red blood cells through
53
arteriole
endothelium and smooth muscle
54
venule
endothelium and fibrous tissue
55
refractory period is determined by
Na+ channel dynamics
56
how long does an action potential last?
250 ms
57
how long is the absolute refractory period?
200 ms
58
what does sphygmomanometer measure?
pressures in the major arteries during ventricular systole and diastole
59
where else are valves found outside the heart?
veins; to prevent backflow due to low pressure
60
Frank-Starling curve: increase in preload results in...
increased stroke volume
61
patent foramen ovale
fetal development; allows blood to flow from right atrium to enter the left atrium sometimes is a defect that doesn't go away after fetal development
62
S3
heart failure for older people normal for younger people or athletes
63
relaxation of precapillary sphincters causes...
blood to flow into a capillary bed
64
what can reduce ventricular EDV?
vasodilation
65
beta blockers
reduce blood pressure by blocking the receptor site for epinephrine
66
anastomosis
joining of two blood vessels common at joints can be a connection between artery and vein. bad. flow deviates from laminar flow
67
pulse pressure
systolic - diastolic
68
action potentials in the heart are _______ than muscles
100x slower
69
pericardial effusion
possible cause of cardiac tamponade
70
pericardium
fluid filled sac that surrounds the heart
71
cardiac tamponade
pressure on the heart that occurs when blood or fluid builds up in the space between the heart muscle and the outer covering sac of the heart
72
ultrasound imaging of the heart
non-invasive, info about blood flow
73
how do cardiomyocytes communicate with other cardiomyocytes?
gap junctions holds in between cells
74
cardioplegia solution
includes a high K+ concentration
75
reduction in thromboxane
anti-inflammatory processes
76
a disruption to conduction through the ventricles would change...
QRS complex
77
would an inhibitor of voltage-gated Na+ channel affect cardio autorhythmic cells?
no! but would affect cardiomyocytes
78
troponin is only found in the heart...
therefore if there is troponin in the blood, there is cardiomyocyte damage

UT BME 365R (2 decks)

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