(exam 3) ch 18 Practical applications of immunology

Question 1

A ________ is the suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms that induce immunity.

Answer 1

vaccine

Question 2

what is the purpose of vaccines?

Answer 2

to provoke a primary immune response (which leads to the formation of antibodies and memory cells which produces a rapid and intense secondary response)

Question 3

what is the most desirable method of disease control?

Answer 3

effective vaccines

Question 4

what are some reasons why effective vaccines are the most desirable method of disease control?

Answer 4

1) prevents death and suffering
2) reduces prevention and treatment costs
3) easier than behavioral control methods (such as washing hands, wearing masks, social distancing)
4) eliminated dependance on antimicrobials which wide use contributes to antibiotic resistance

Question 5

what is herd immunity?

Answer 5

immunity in most of the population (where outbreaks are limited due to lack of susceptible individuals)

Question 6

what enhances herd immunity?

Answer 6

effective vaccines

Question 7

what are live attenuated vaccines?

Answer 7

vaccine using living pathogen with a reduced virulence

Question 8

what are inactivated killed vaccines?

Answer 8

vaccines that use whole pathogens that have been killed

Question 9

what two vaccines both use the organism itself and not fragments?

Answer 9

1) live attenuated vaccines

2) inactivated killed vaccines

Question 10

subunit vaccines are what type of vaccine?

Answer 10

vaccine that uses antigenic fragments of pathogens that best stimulate an immune response

Question 11

what type of vaccine is recombinant subunit vaccines?

Answer 11

subunit vaccines

Question 12

what are recombinant subunit vaccines?

Answer 12

(subunit vaccine) using nonpathogenic microbes to produce antigenic subunits

Question 13

what are toxoid vaccines?

Answer 13

(subunit vaccine) inactivated toxins

Question 14

what are virus like particle (VLP) vaccines?

Answer 14

(subunit vaccine) resemble intact viruses but do not contain viral genetic material

Question 15

what are polysaccharide vaccines?

Answer 15

(subunit vaccine) made from molecules in a capsule

Question 16

what are conjugated vaccines?

Answer 16

(subunit vaccine) chemically link two subunits to generate a greater immune response

Question 17

what are nucleic acid (DNA) vaccines?

Answer 17

vaccines that inject naked DNA and produces the protein antigen encoded in the DNA

Question 18

what are recombinant vector vaccines?

Answer 18

vaccines that use avirulent viruses or bacteria that are genetically modified to deliver genes cording for antigens

Question 19

growing pathogens in animals, egg embryos, or cell cultures and injected vaccines are considered what types of vaccine methods?

Answer 19

traditional methods

Question 20

developing vaccines without use of animal host and oral vaccines / dry vaccines (skin patches) are considered what types of vaccine methods?

Answer 20

newer technology methods

Question 21

________ are chemical additives added to vaccines to improve effectiveness

Answer 21

adjuvants

Question 22

what are some common side effects of vaccines?

Answer 22

tenderness at injection site, headache, fever, mild rash, fatigue

Question 23

what is the overwhelming consensus about vaccine?

Answer 23

the risks of disease far outweigh any potential side effects from vaccine

Question 24

what are Immunologic-based diagnostic tests based on?

Answer 24

Based on interactions of humoral antibodies with antigens

Question 25

what are the two scenarios of Immunologic-based diagnostic tests?

Answer 25

1) A known antibody can identify an unknown pathogen | 2) A known pathogen can identify an unknown antibody

Question 26

If antibodies can not be seen, what do we do?

Answer 26

their presence must be established indirectly (via Precipitations and color change)

Question 27

________ is “immortal” cancerous B cell (myeloma) combined with an antibody-producing normal B cell.

Answer 27

Hybridoma

Question 28

what does a Hybridoma produce?

Answer 28

produces monoclonal antibodies (Mabs)

Question 29

________ is type of Mabs with a mouse variable region and human constant region ~66% human.

Answer 29

Chimeric monoclonal antibodies

Question 30

________ is a type of Mabs that are mostly human, except for mouse antigen-binding sites ~90% human.

Answer 30

Humanized antibodies

Question 31

________ is a type of Mabs produced from a human gene within a mouse.

Answer 31

Fully human antibodies

Question 32

Reaction of soluble antigens with antibodies to form large, interlocking aggregates called lattices is called?

Answer 32

Precipitation reactions

Question 33

_______ is a test where a cloudy line forms where there is the optimal ratio of antigen and antibody.

Answer 33

Precipitin ring test

Question 34

Reaction of particulate antigens bind to antibodies to form visible aggregates is called?

Answer 34

Agglutination reactions

Question 35

an agglutination test that detects antibodies against large cellular antigens (e.g. bacteria) is what type of test?

Answer 35

Direct agglutination tests

Question 36

what is titer?

Answer 36

the concentration of serum antibody

Question 37

what does high titer mean?

Answer 37

greater immunity to disease and more antibodies

Question 38

when are titers diagnosis?

Answer 38

1) rise in titer later in disease | 2) Seroconversion

Question 39

what does Seroconversion mean in terms of titer?

Answer 39

when there is no titer before disease but significant titer as disease progresses

Question 40

an agglutination test that tests antibodies (or antigens) reaction with their counterpart that is bound to a particle is what type of test?

Answer 40

Indirect (passive) agglutination tests

Question 41

__________ is when RBC surface antigens bind complementary antibodies; used in blood typing.

Answer 41

Hemagglutination

Question 42

________ is when RBC surface antigens bind to viruses (mumps, measles, influenza)

Answer 42

Viral hemagglutination

Question 43

________ is a antigen-antibody reaction where the harmful effects of an exotoxin or a virus are blocked by antibodies to the toxin (antitoxin) or virus

Answer 43

Neutralization Reactions

Question 44

________ is a type of Neutralization Reaction used for sub typing viruses. If present, serum antibodies neutralize the virus and inhibit hemagglutination.

Answer 44

Viral hemagglutination inhibition test

Question 45

________ is a technique that combines fluorescent dyes with antibodies.

Answer 45

Fluorescent-Antibody Techniques

Question 46

what type is of Fluorescent-Antibody Technique is it when used to label / identify microorganisms in a clinical specimen ?

Answer 46

Direct fluorescent-antibody tests

Question 47

what type is of Fluorescent-Antibody Technique is it when used to Detect a specific antibody in serum; indicates presence of current or previous infection?

Answer 47

Indirect fluorescent-antibody tests

Question 48

________ uses an antibody with a linked enzyme (and the enzyme reaction) to detect antigens and antibodies.

Answer 48

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

Question 49

what type of ELISA detects antigens?

Answer 49

Direct ELISA

Question 50

what type of ELISA detects antibodies?

Answer 50

Indirect ELISA