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BMB 252 > Exam 3 Ch 21 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Ch 21 Flashcards

Development (60 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 3 essential processes that allow a multicellular organism to be made

A
  1. Cell proliferation
  2. Cell differentiation
  3. Cell morphogenesis
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2
Q

Cell proliferation

A

Produce many cells from one

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3
Q

Cell differentiation

A

Cells take on different characteristics and functions

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4
Q

Cell morphogenesis

A

Cells rearrange themselves to form structured tissues and organs

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5
Q

Blastula

A

A hollow fluid filled ball of cells
Formed after the zygote divides and the embryonic genome is turned on

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6
Q

Gastrulation

A

Complex rearrangement that transforms the blastula into a gastrula

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7
Q

Gastrula

A

Multilayered structure containing 3 germ layers

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8
Q

Ectoderm

A

Gives rise to epidermis and nervous system
outer most layer

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9
Q

Mesoderm

A

Forms muscles, connective tissue, blood, and kidneys
Middle layer

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10
Q

Endoderm

A

Forms the gut and its appendages. like the lung, pancreas, and liver Inner most layer

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11
Q

What do regulatory elements do?

A

Determine when, where, and how strong each gene is expressed

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12
Q

Inductive signaling

A

An example of paracrine signaling
Secretion from a different cell will cause an undifferentiated cell onto a new developmental pathway

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13
Q

Morphogens

A

Long-range inductive signals that exert graded effects
Can impose a pattern on a whole field of cells
Different concentrations exert different gene expression patterns

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14
Q

3 axes that must be established in the developing embryo

A

Animal vegetal
Anteroposterior
Dorsoventral

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15
Q

Animal vegetal axes

A

Internal vs external

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16
Q

Anteroposterior axes

A

Head vs tail

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17
Q

Dorsoventral axes

A

Back vs belly

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18
Q

Mouse embryo axes development

A

Axes become defined during embryogenesis

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19
Q

Drosophila embryo axes development

A

Axes defined by the structure of the egg prior to fertilization

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20
Q

Frog embryo axes development

A

AV axis is defined before fertilization
DV axis defined through fertilization

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21
Q

Egg-polarity genes

A

Encode macromolecules deposited in the egg to organize the axes of the fly embryo
Create landmarks in the developing egg cell

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22
Q

Bicoid

A

An example of an egg-polarity gene
Deposited in the anterior potion of the egg
After fertilization bicoid mRNA is translated into bicoid protein
The protein acts as a morphogen to define the anterior end of the A-V axis

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23
Q

Syncytium

A

One cell with many nuclei

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24
Q

Syncytial blastoderm

A

when the nuclei migrate to periphery

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25
Cellular blastoderm
Individual cells form around the nuclei
26
Are Gap genes and Pair-Rule gene always active?
No the are activated with a few hours of feralization and are transient
27
Are segment polarity genes always expressed?
Yes they are permanently expressed in the organism throughout its life
28
Homeotic mutations
Transform parts of the body into structures appropriate to other positions
29
Hox genes
Genes that regulate homeotic mutations
30
What does Toll do?
Activated on the ventral side of embryo and redistributes Dorsal protein
31
What is Dorsal?
A morphogen that helps determine the D-V axis of fly
32
Dorsal on the dorsal side
Remains in cytoplasm
33
Dorsal on the ventral side
Translocate to the nucleus
34
Where is Twist transcribed on the D-V axis?
Ventral side (dorsal in nucleus)
35
Where is Dpp transcribed on the D-V axis
Dorsal side (Dorsal in cytoplasm)
36
Where is Sog transcribed on the D-V axis
Middle, between dorsal and ventral
37
Which proteins on the D-V axis help further subdivide the axis
Dpp and Sog concentration gradients
38
Nodal and Lefty in the Frog A-V axis
Secreted from the vegetal pole, set up a morphogen gradient
39
Describe the Nodal gradient
High at the vegetal pole lesser closer to animal pole
40
Describe the Lefty gradient
Evenly diffused
41
BMP, Chordin, and Noggin in the D-V axis
BMP - secreted by throughout embryo Chordin and noggin - Secreted by dorsal pole
42
Describe the Chordin and Noggin gradient
High concentration at Dorsal end
43
BMP activity
Blocked on the dorsal side due to chordin and noggin
44
When is Notch-Mediated Lateral Inhibition used
The development of the fly sensory bristles
45
Loss of UBX
Extra wings not halteres
46
Gain of UBX
Extra set of halteres not wings
47
The Gene-Expression Oscillator
Acts as a clock to control vertebrate segmentation
48
Somites
Cohesive groups of cells, separated by clefts that form bilateral pairs From mesoderm
49
What can intracellular development programs do
They can help determine ethe time-course of a cell's development
50
What regulates developmental transitions?
MicroRNAs
51
How do miRNAs regulate the transitions
Embryonic miRNAs bind to and target the maternal RNAs for degradation
52
How do cells get into new arrangements?
Cadherins and homophilic binding with the help of Eph/Ephrins
53
What do Eph receptors and ephrins do in terms of cell arrangement?
They help keep cells from mixing by repelling forces.
54
Convergent extension
Cells crawl over one another in a coordinated way that helps orient the cells
55
What does the interaction between epithelium and mesenchyme do
Generate tubular branching structures
56
What produces FGF10
Mesenchyme cells
57
What does an Epithelial bud produce
SHH to inhibit FGF10 signaling
58
What does the inhibition of FGF10 by SHH do
Causes 2 new FGF10 centers to arise
59
What mediates cell migration
GPCR CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 concentration gradient
60
Three variables that determine the size of an organ/organism
Size of cell, Number of cells, Amount of surrounding extracellular matrix

BMB 252 (12 decks)

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