Exam 3: ch 33, 34, 54, 56 Flashcards
(202 cards)
1
Q
animal characteristics
A
- multicellular heterotroph
- lack cell walls
- must have nerves, muscles, capacity to move at some pt in the life cycle
- ability to reproduce sexually
- specialized sensory structures and nervous system
- cells in extensive extracellular matrix
- unique cell junctions
2
Q
animal kingdom…
A
monophyletic taxon
3
Q
animal genomes are…
A
very similar
4
Q
how many recognizable animal phyla?
A
35
5
Q
4 main morphological and developmental features in animals
A
- presence/absence of different tissue types
- body symmetry
- presence/absence of tru body cavity
- patterns of embryonic development
6
Q
different name for animals meaning many cells?
A
metazoa
7
Q
metazoa (animals) divided into…
A
Parazoa (no tissue) and Eumatetazoa (has specialized tissues and organs)
8
Q
Parazoa
A
porifera (sponges)
9
Q
Based on body symmetry, Eumetazoa divided into…
A
radiata (radial symmetry) and bilateral (bilateral symmetry)
10
Q
bilateral animals have…
A
cephalization and dorsal and ventral ends
11
Q
radial (circle) animals have…
A
oral and aboral sides
ex: jellyfish and sea anemone
12
Q
planes of bilateral symmetry
A
sagittal plane (results in two mirror image, right and left halves)
ex: butterfly, crab, human
13
Q
2 divisions of bilateria (Eumatazoa)
A
true body cavity completely lined w mesoderm (coelom) and no body cavity (acoelomate)
14
Q
coelomates divided into which two groups?
A
Prostomes and deuterostomes
15
Q
what are the 3 cell layers that develop during gastrulation?
A
endoderm (inner), mesoderm (middle), ectoderm (outer)
16
Q
prostomes
A
coelomate that includes arthropods, mollusks, and annelids
- blastopore (opening) becomes mouth then anus (PB)
17
Q
deuterostomes
A
coelomate that includes more complex animals such as humans
- blastopore becomes anus then mouth (DB)
18
Q
blastopore
A
opening of the central cavity of an embryo in the early stage of development
19
Q
how are animals classified?
A
by comparing similarities in the DNA and the ribosomal RNA of animals, esp sequences of nucleotides in gene that encodes RNA of the small ribosomal subunit (SSU rRNA)
advantage: more objective and subject to more rigorous testing
20
Q
metazoa clade called?
A
monophyletic
21
Q
what clade do echinoderms and chordates belong to?
A
dueterostomia
22
Q
2 key differences between traditional and molecular phylogeny
A
presence of absence of a body cavity (coelomate/acoelomate)
- molecular evidence indicates presence of absence not a useful characteristic
23
Q
what are the division of invertebrate animalia (hint: there are 6)
A
phylum- ctenophores: earliest animals
phylum- poifera: sponges
phylum- Cnidaria: jellyfish and other radially symmetric animals
clade- lophotrochozoa: PHYLUM(s): flatworms, rotifers, bryozoans, brachipods, mollusks, annelids
phylum- ecdysozoa: nematodes and arthropods
phylum- deuterostomia: echinoderms and chordates
24
Q
the earliest animals phylum is now as…
A
phylum- ctenophores (ex: comb jellies)
25
what phylum are sponges under, nickname, and formation of larvae vs adults?
phylum: porifera!!!
- lack tissue, but multicellular
- aka pore bearers
- adults are sessile (immobile)
- larvae are free swimming
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sponge structure: spongocoel
central cavity of sponge where water is drawn into through pores
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sponge structure: osculum
top of sponge where water flows out through
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sponge structure: choanocytes
line the spongocoel (central cavity)
- trap/eat small particles and planktons
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sponge structure: ameobocyte
absorbs food from choanocytes
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sponge structure: spicules
skeletal fibers or spongin for support
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sponge structure: mesohyl
layer between choanocytes and pinacoderm where reproduction occurs
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sponge reproduction (asexual)
small fragment or bud detach and form new sponge (no male/female)
- sm part of parent pinch off and grown on own
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sponge reproduction (sexual)
most are heraphrodites (both male/female sex organs) producing both eggs and sperm (this happens in mesohyl)
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two body forms of cnidaria
sessile polyp and motile medusa
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sessile polyp
doesn’t move and only has a mouth
- ex: sea anemone
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motile medusa
statocysts for equilibrium (balance) and ocelli are photosensitive (light detecting)
- only have mouth
- ex: jellyfish, man of war
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nematocytes
specialized staining cells w/i cnidocytes that have a sticky hairlike trigger
- used as defense or to capture prey
- aka cnidocil
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what are cnidarians symmetry ?
radially symmetric
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3 main classes and characteristics of cnidaria
hydrozoa: portuguese man-of-war, some corals, hydra
scyphozoa: jellyfish
anthozoa: sea anemone, most corals
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hydrozoa
mostly marine and polyp stage is usually dominant and colonial, reduced medusa stage
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scyphozoa
all marine and medusa stage dominant and large w/ reduced polyp stage
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anthozoa
all marine w/ polyp stage dominant, medusa stage absent, and many are colonial
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lophotrochozoa
clade that contains 6 phylums which are:
platythelminthes, rotifers, bryozoans, brachiopods, mollusks, and annelids
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phylum platythelminthes
flatworms
- 1st animals w active predatory lifestyle (predatory or parasitic)
- have bilateral symmetry w cephalization (eyes and head)
- no specialized respiratory or circulatory system and no digestive system (incomplete digestive system a gastrovascular cavity)
- distinct excretory system w protonephridia and flame cells
- have light sensitive spots (ocelli)
- cerebral ganglia receive input so no brain
- sexual/asexual reproduction
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flatworm anatomy: first tripoblastic organisms
three embryonic germ layers
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flatworm anatomy: mesoderm
allow sophisticated organs
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flatworm anatomy: acoelomate
lack fluid-filled cavity (no cavity)
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flatworm classes
cestoda, trematoda
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flatworm class: cestoda
tapeworms
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flukes
obligate, internal parasite of vertebrates
- complex life cycle
- require 2 hosts: snail, fish
- causes infections in all vertebrae
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tapeworms
- adult ribbon-shaped, multi-segmented
- male/female structures inside
- each segment has male/female system
- hold intestine by using scolex
- have 2 life cycles and 2 hosts
-adults in sm intestine of humans
- larvae in animal tissue
- phylum: platyheminthes
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scolex
mouth
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cestode life cycle
scolex attaches to host… humans often infected by eating undercooked infected meat
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flatworm class: trematoda
flukes
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phylum: rotifera
- ciliated crown or corona
- mostly freshwater and microscopic
- digestive tract w mouth and anus
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parthenogenesis
development of embryo from an unfertilized egg (unfertilized diploid eggs develop into females)
- asexual and sexual reproduction
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phylum: bryozoa and brachiopoda
- both have lophophore (ciliary feeding device that functions in respiration)
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phylum bryozoa
small, lives in shallow water, look like plants but are animals
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zoecium
each animal secretes and lives w/i; composed of calcium carbonate and chitin
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phylum brachiopoda
marine w/ 2 shells
- dorsal and ventral valves
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phylum mollusca
diverse: snails, clams, octopus, chitons
- mostly marine
- economic importance: food
- intermediate hosts of parasites
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mollusk body plan: shell
covers soft body (not all have shell)
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mollusk body plan: three main parts
foot, visceral mass, mantle
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mollusk body plan: foot
used for movement
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mollusk body plan: visceral mass
contains organs
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mollusk body plan: mantle
secretes a shell (if present)
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mollusk body plan: mantle cavity
opening behind w/ gill
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mollusk body plan: gills
housed in mantle cavity
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mollusk body plan: coelom
confined to small area around heart
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mollusk body plan: open circulatory system
hearth pumps hemolymph (hemocoel “blood pool”)
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mollusk body plan: radula
unique tongue-like organ
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mollusk reproduction
separate sexes; some hermaphroditic
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trocophore larva
develops into veliger w/ rudimentary foot, shell, and mantle
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mollusk classes (hint 2)
bivalvia and cephalopoda
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class bivalvia
clams, mussels, oysters
- marine or freshwater, shell w/ two halves, filter feeders
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class cephalopoda
octopuses, squids
- marine, predatory, closed circulatory system
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phylum annelida
ex: earthworms
- rings are segments separated by septa
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annelid body plan: setae
spine on each segment (all have except leeches)
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giant axons
facilitate rapid response to stimuli
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annelid body plan: double transport system
circulatory system and coelom is fluid both carry nutrients, wastes and respiratory gases
- complete and unsegmented digestive system
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annelid sexual reproduction
involves 2 individuals ( some separate sexes, some hemaphroditic) w internal fertilization
- involves asexual reproduction by fission
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major annelidan groups (hint 3)
sedentaria, earthworms, and leeches
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phylum nematoda
roundworms (ecdysozoa)
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roundworms
(phylum nematoda)
- tough collagen cuticle covers body
- pseudocoelom (false cavity) acts as hydrostatic skeleton and circulatory system
- separate sex sexual reproduction
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what host do parasitic nematoda gravitate towards?
humans
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4 nematoda parasites
-ascaris lumbricoides (in dog intestine)
- nectarines americanus : hookworm
- enterobius vermicularis: pinworm (in stomach)
- wucheria bancrofti: causes elephantiasis (mosquitos)
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phylum arthropoda
- most successful phylum (3/4 of all living species) due to body plan
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arthropoda body plan: exoskeleton
made of chitin and protein
- can be tough or soft and flexible
- provides protection, pt of muscle attachment
- impermeable to water
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arthropoda body plan: jointed appendages
- segmented for locomotion, food handling, or reproduction
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arthropoda body plan: tagmata
fused body segments
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arthropoda body plan: sensory organs
- well developed sensory organs for sight, touch, smell, hearing, and balance
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arthropoda body plan: compound eyes
ommatidia
- some species have simple eyes (ocelli)
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arthropoda body plan: sophisticated brain
consists of cerebral ganglia connected to several smaller ventral ganglia
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arthropoda body plan: circulatory system
closed circulatory system
- gas exchange via gills/ tracheal system
- complex digestive system
- excretion
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2 arthropoda class
chelicerata, myriapoda, hexapoda, crustacea
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subphylum chelicerata (3 living classes)
- arachnida ( spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)
- merostomata (horseshoe crabs)
- pycnogonida (sea spiders)
- two tagmata: cephalothorax and abdomen
- six pairs of appendages
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spiders
- fangs (chelicerae) supplied w venom from poison glands
- abdominal spinnerets produce silk
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other chelicerates…
scorpions, mites and ticks
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subphylum myriapoda
class diplopoda (millipedes): 2 pairs of legs per seg, herbivorous
class chilopoda (centipedes): 1 pair of legs per seg, carnivorous
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subphylum hexapoda
- ALL INSECTS!!!
- more insects than animal species combined
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complete metamorphosis
4 stages: fertilized egg, larvae, pupa, adult butterfly
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incomplete metamorphosis
3 stages: fertilized egg, nymph stages (look like mini adults), adult grasshopper
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subphylum crustacea (phylum arthropoda)
crabs, lobsters, barnacles, shrimp
- marine, fresh water, terrestrial
- walking legs and swimmerets
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ecology
study of interactions among organisms and their environment
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two ecological interactions:
biotic interactions: among living things and
abiotic interactions: between organisms and their non living environment
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environmental science
ecology to real world problems
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2 sub disciplines of organismal ecology
physiological ecology and behavioral ecology
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physiological ecology
investigates how organisms are physiologically adapted to their environment
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behavioral ecology
how behavior of an individual organism contributes to survival and reproductive success
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population ecology
focuses on groups of interbreeding individuals (populations)
- to understand factors affecting population growth, density and size
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community ecology
studies how populations of species interact and form functional communities
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ecosystems ecology
studies the flow of energy between animals and environment nutrients among organisms w/i community and between organisms and the environment
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species
group of animals/plants that reproduce
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what are the 6 factors that determine environmental impact?
temperature, wind, salinity, pH, water and light availability, and water currents
- some species can tolerate relatively wide range of environmental conditions (some handle more than others)
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temperature
- most important factor
- metabolism : chem rxn w/i living things; if temp down—metabolism down vice versa
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temperatures effect on biological processes
-inability of most organisms to regulate body temp
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water temp for coral reefs
abundant only in warm water bc of effects of temperature on coral deposition
ex: great barrier reef filled w coral (cnidarians)
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frost
most important factor limiting geographic distribution of tropical and subtropical plants
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where do cactus like to be?
where temp doesn’t remain below freezing for more than one night
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how are endothermic animals effected by temp?
demands of cold temperatures
ex: vampire bats like area where avg min temp is above 10C
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explain greenhouse effect
1. solar radiation passes through atmosphere and heats earths surface
2. that energy is radiated from the earth back into the atmosphere
3. atmospheric gases (carbon dioxide and methane) absorb much of this energy and reradiate earths surface which further increases temperature
- w/o life would not exist on earth
- heat: infrared
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global warming
human activities INCREASING the greenhouse effect
- CO2 has lower warming potential, but concentration is higher in atmosphere
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winds effect on temp?
wind can amplify temperature or increases heat loss by evaporation and wind chill
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winds effect on ocean
wind can intensify oceanic wave action
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holdfasts
animals and plants w/ glues and muscular feet/holdfasts
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water availability
plants = animals
no plants = no animals
no water/rain = no plants
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how does light effect photosynthesis ?
more light means more photosynthesis
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3 photosynthetic pathways
C3 (less light), C4 (more light), and CAM
- related to light intensity and water availability options
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salinity/salt concentrations for freshwater fish
they tend to gain water and have to constantly eliminate water
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salinity/salt concentrations for marine fish
lose water and must drink water to compensate (salt excreted at gills and kidneys)
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salinity/salt concentrations for plants
halophytes are plants that tolerate higher salt concentrations which may have salt glands to excrete salt
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pH (concentration of H ion) of rain water and why?
pH 5.6 and it’s slightly acidic due to CO2 forming carbonic acid
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most common plant pH and why
6.5 is when nutrients are most available
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what pH kills plants why
pH less than 5.2 prevents nitrifying bacteria from working
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What pH do plants survive/ die?
6.5 is ideal for survival and below 5.2 the plants will die
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at what pH does rain become acid rain?
acid rain pH less than 5.6, this results from burning fossil fuels on training sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide
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climate
weather pattern in a region; combo of the 6 factors mentioned above (temperature, water, salinity, pH, light wind)
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climate predicts…
the occurrence of specific biomes (major community types)
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atmospheric circulation
differences in temperature occur due to
variations in incoming solar radiation
- temp increases as the amount of solar radiation increases
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what keeps temperature uniform across the tropics?
clouds and rainfall keep temperature uniform across the tropics
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where are the sun rays longer and shorter when hitting the earths surface?
longer at top and bottom, shorter in center
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global temperature
differences create winds and drive atmospheric circulation
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global temp at equator
warmth at equator causes air to rise and flow north and south toward poles (air cools and falls, flowing back to the equator
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coriolis effect
adds in effect of earth’s rotation (westward wind flow)
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3 cells in each hemisphere
hadley cell nearest equator
polar cell nearest poles
ferrell cell in between
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how are major biomes determined?
by temperature differences and wind patterns
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how can elevation effect climate?
adiabetic cooling and rain shadow
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adiabatic cooling
increasing elevation that leads to 10C drop
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rain shadow
warm, moist air flows up mountain and cools releasing precipitation
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how does proximity of land mass effect climate
during day, land heats up and air rises pulling cooler ocean air in to replace it
- sea moderates coastal and island temperatures
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ocean currents
created by the combination of the earth and winds
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biomes and the 2 types
major types of ecological associations that occupy broad geographic regions of land or water (community)
- terrestrial biome (land) and aquatic biome (water)
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what does climate predict?
the occurrence of specific biomes (major community types)
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what are the 10 terrestrial biomes?
1. tropical rain forest
2. tropical deciduous forest
3. temperate rain forest
4. temperate deciduous forest
5. temperate coniferous formed (taiga or boreal forest)
6. tropical grassland (savanna)
7. temperate grassland (prairie)
8. hot desert
9. cold desert
10. tundra
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tropical forest
- equator
- extreme variation in precipitation
- thorny shrubs (woody, tall trees)
- high rainfall, large leave trees
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desert
30 and -30 degrees latitude
- cactus
- very high temperature and very low rain fall
- 4 major types!!
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major types of deserts
1. hot and dry (main)
2. semiarid
3. coastal
4. cold
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hot and dry desert
warm throughout year and very hot during summer, winters usually bring little rainfall
- arizona
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tropical grassland (savanna) (think minecraft)
moderate amounts of rainfall and high temperature
- support many large animals
- scattered trees
- adapted to frequent fires
- kenya
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chaparral
- type of grassland
biome would most likely occur in a climate with mild rainy winters and hot dry summers
- adapted to frequent fires
- california
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temperate grassland
- adapted to frequent fires
- north dakota
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which terrestrial biomes are adapted to frequent fires ?
temperate grassland, savanna, and chaparral
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coniferous forest
- aka taiga
- colorado/canada
- woody plants, gymnosperms (needle trees)
- mostly herbivores, not enough energy to support numerous carnivores
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temperate deciduous (broadleaf) forest
- north east
- warm and rainy climates
- organisms respond to different photoperiods
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tundra
- alaska
- impossible for growth of trees because of low temperatures and short seasons
- permafrost soil (permanently frozen soil)
- supports bryophytes (liverworts, moss, and lichens
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what determines biomes?
climate determines the biomes (10)
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aquatic biomes
marine
- benthic zone: bottom of ocean where organisms are able to strive w/o use of sunlight but by use of sulfur
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factors that determine aquatic biome
salinity (special glands, gills), content depth, current strength, and availability of light
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how much of the earths surface does the ocean cover?
75% of earths surface and ocean also gives oxygen
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how are aquatic biomes distinguished
stratified into zones or layers defined by light penetration, temperature, and depth
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photic and aphotic zones
bases of light penetration
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neritic zone
distance from shore and water depth
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benthic zone
open water at bottom
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zonation in a lake
littoral zone, photic zone, benthic zone
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marine zonation
neritic zone, photic zone (continental shelf), benthic zone, aphotic zone (underwater volcanos)
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population ecology
how populations grow, what promotes and limits growth
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density of population
number of organisms in a given unit area that are affected by population growth
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simple visual count
estimation of abundance over large area by generalizing from smaller sample
- quadrants and traps
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quadrants are for…
sessile (non moving) species
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traps are used for…
mobile species
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mark-recapture technique and the problem w/ it
catch, mark, release, recapture
- used to estimate population size
problem: animals might run from or learn to avoid the trap bc they’re smart
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ex: 10 fish are caught and marked then released. when recaptured, 5 of the 10 originally caught fish were marked. what does this equal?
20 fish
(10x10)/5 = 20
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other methods to estimate population size?
antennal: tracking w/ radio collars
unmanned aircraft system: (drones)
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dispersion patterns
clumped, uniform, random
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dispersion patterns: clumped
most common; clustered in nature (think jungle middle of desert, Aladdin)
- influenced by social behavior (school of fish, elephant herds
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dispersion patterns: uniform
result from social interactions; competition pattern to max resources (penguins, animal parents, resting, protection, territorial)
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dispersion patterns: random
common resources: rare (dandelions)
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productive strategies
semelparity and iteroparity
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semelparity
reproduce once then die
ex: octopus, squid, butterfly, salmon
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iteroparity
(repeated) reproduce successively or during breeding season
seasonal: breeding seasons
continuous: reproduce repeatedly throughout the year
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age class
reproductive strategy has a strong effect on subsequent age classes of a population
192
cohorts
same age; young plants/animals
193
demography
branch that studies growth of animal/plant population resulting from north, death, immigration…
- impractical to follow cohort from birth to death
194
life tables
number of animals based on AGE class
195
demographic tool
death rates/life expectancy at various age
- males not usually included
196
age specific fertility rate
number of female north per yr (mx)
197
100 female produce 75 offspring. what does this equal?
.75
100/75 = .75
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age specific survivorship curve
(lx) plots numbers of surviving individual
ex: beaver plot
199
3 survivorship curves
Type 1, Type 2, Type 3
200
survivorship curve: type 1
rate of loss of juveniles low; old death (humans)
201
survivorship curve: type 2
uniform death (birds)
202
survivorship curve: type 3
younger deaths (plants, fish, oysters)
