Exam 3 (Ch 7, 9, & 10) Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
concept
A
general ideas that ties things together in a meaningful way; crucial for understanding the world
2
Q
two theories on concepts
A
nativists and empiricists
3
Q
nativists
A
innate sensitivity to some concepts, critical for development
4
Q
empiricists
A
concepts arise from general learning mechanisms
5
Q
category
A
group of things in the world that go together, can be perceptual or conceptual
6
Q
a category is
A
a special kind of concept
7
Q
children for categorical hierarchies beyond infancy
A
superordinate, basic, and subordinate
8
Q
superordinate
A
most general, not specifically tied to one object or characteristic
9
Q
basic
A
middle level, 1st to develop due to consistent characteristics
10
Q
subordinate
A
most specific level within a hierarchy
11
Q
causal (intentional) understanding
A
understanding why things belong to a category helps children learn and make new categories
12
Q
figuring how things in the world are _____ helps learning
A
alike
13
Q
knowing what category things belong to allows kids to _____ new knowledge
A
infer
14
Q
at 4 mos.
A
perceptual categorization
15
Q
perceptual categorization
A
objects that look alike go together (color, size, movement)(based on parts rather than whole)(begins in infancy)
16
Q
at 2 yrs.
A
categorize global properties, such as shape
17
Q
all learning is _________
A
inference
18
Q
(Beyond perceptual categorization) at age 1
A
begin to group by object function
19
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at 18 mos.
A
focus on specific parts of objects, rather than whole object
20
Q
at 2 yrs.
A
focus on overall shape and function
21
Q
Studies with infant and children suggest that there is a __________ to __________ over development
A
perceptual, conceptual shift
22
Q
infants primarily form __________ categories
A
perceptual
23
Q
as children become more sophisticated
A
they start forming more conceptual categories
24
Q
dead reckoning
A
ability to keep track continuously of one’s location relative to the starting point and be able to go back to it
25
theory of mind
an organized understanding of how the mind works and how what you think influences behavior
26
dorsal stream
"where" pathway
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ventral
"what" or "how"
28
spatial info is processed where?
both left and right hemispheres
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the spatial coding systems are
allocentric and egocentric
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allocentric is
object-object; encodes info about location of one object with respect to another
31
egocentric is
self-object: encodes info about location of an object with respect to self
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____-__________ helps infants move past egocentric spatial coding
self-locomotion
33
infants use _________ as early as _ mos.
landmarks; 6
34
by _ they can represent an object's position in multiple landmarks
5
35
from early infancy, children can represent _____ in which events occur
order
36
________ of events is harder
duration
37
by _ children can learn to accurately estimate period of _-__ seconds if given feedback about the length of the time period
5;3&30
38
by how many months can infants perceive causal connections among some physical events?
6
39
understanding the actions they imtate _____ toddlers perform the actions in the _______ order
helps; correct
40
preschoolers and young elementary school children live in a world
infused by fantasy and reality
41
most 4-6 yo believe they can influence other people by _______
wishing
42
however, some aspects of magical thinking can remain into
adolescence
43
by age _, most children can count to __
3;10
44
most preschoolers seem to understand the principles underlying counting
one-to-one correspondence, stable order, cardinality, order irrelevance, and abstraction
45
theories of social development trying to account for these aspects of development
emotion, personality, attachment, self-concept, per relationships, morality, and gender
46
sigmund freud
psychoanalytic theory, also referred to as psychosexual development
47
psychoanalytic theory
had a huge impact on thinking about social and personality development
48
erik erickson
life-span developmental theory
49
freud believed that
behavior is motivated by biological drives
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psychoanalytic theories stress
continuity of individual differences, maintaining that early experiences shape subsequent development
51
psychosexual development is named so because
it is based on a series of universal developmental states in which psychic energy (or thought) becomes focused in different erogenous zones
52
psychic energy
biologically based; instinctual drives that energize behavior, thoughts, and feelings
53
erogenous zones
areas of the body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development
54
freud's personality structure
id, ego, and superego
55
id
innate biological drive, earliest and most primitive, and unconscious and operates for sole purpose of deriving pleasure
56
ego
emerges in first years; rational logical, problem-solving component of personality
57
superego
(3-6) based on child's internalization of the parents' attributes, beliefs, and standards, may even be their own
58
in superego development, boys must resolve the _______ complex
oedipus
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oedipus complex
a psychosocial conflict in which a boy experiences a form of sexual desire for his mother and wants an exclusive relationship with her
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the son's desire for mother and hostility towards father is so
intense that the memory is repressed and results in infantile amnesia
61
how can the oedipus complex be resolved?
indenting on ather
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girls experience the
electra complex
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erik erickson accepted the basic constructs of freud's theory, but
included factors such as culture and politics; also downplayed sex
64
_ stage theory, characterized by a crisis an individual must solve
8
65
if the dominant issue is not resolved before the next stage begins
the person will continue to struggle with it
66
freud's most significant contribution
emphasis on early life experiences and emotional relationships and recognition of role of subjective experience and unconscious mental activities
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erickson's most significant contribution
emphasis on search for identity in adolescence has a lasting impact
68
what are some critiques to freud's and erickson's theories?
too vague, based entirely on case studies, and many highly questionable elements
69
learning theorists
emphasize role of external factors and continuity in development
70
learning theorists also
focus on mechanisms of change and argue that individual differences arise because of different histories of reinforcement and observation
71
john b watson was the founder of
behaviorism
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john b watson believed
development is determined by the environment and that learning through conditioning is the primary mechanism of development
73
john b watson famous experiment
little albert
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critiques of john b watson
simplistic, only emphasis on conditioning; however, his approach to extinguishing fear has been widely used to rid people of phobias
75
social learning theories core concepts
emphasis on observation and imitation, not reinforcment as primary mechanism of development
76
what did albert bandura do?
found that preschool children can learn through various observation and vicarious reinforcement
77
however, over time he placed ____ emphasis on the _________ aspects of observational learning
more; cognitive
78
social cognitive theory concepts
interest in children's ability to think and reason about their own, and other people's thoughts, feelings, motives, and behavior
79
self-socialization
children's active shaping of their own development though their activities, preferences, friends, and choices
80
dodge's info-processing approach to social development
puts a strong emphasis on cognitions in social development
81
dodge's info-processing approach to social development proposes that children go through 6 steps in solving social problems
```
encode a problematic event
interpret the social cues involved in it
formulate a goal to resolve the incident
generate strategies to achieve goal
evaluate potential strategies
```
82
found that aggressive children have
hostile attribution bias
83
hostile attribution bias
an expectation that others are intentionally hostile which becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy
84
dweck's social cognitive theory emphasizes
role of self-attributions for achievement (the extent to which they feel that they are responsible for their success/failure)
85
kids with mastery orientation believe
success=effort
86
kids with ________ orientation believe that success is attained through ability
helpless
87
incremental theory
intelligence can increase as a function of experience
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entity theory
intelligence is fixed and unchangeable
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praising children for _______ ____ supports an incremental model and a mastery-oriented motivational pattern
working hard
90
praising children for doing well supports an ______ model and a ________ motivational patterns
entity; helpless
91
critiques of social cognitive theory
stronger emphasis on children as active seekers of opinion about the social realm, important for emphasis on cognitive processes
92
ecological perspectives
focused on how people relate to each other
93
ecological
relating or concerned with the relation of living organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings
94
ecological perspectives take a _____ view of the environment
broad
95
bioecological models consider _________ level/s of environmental influence
multiple
96
bioecological models emphasize aspects of behavior that have (or had) some ________ function
adaptive
97
they also look at behavior that
ensure survival or demise of a race
98
ethology
study of human behavior and social organization from a biological perspective
99
evolution
process by which living organism are though to have developed and diversified over time
100
bioecological
approach based on gene or environmental interactions
101
conrad lorenz and other ethologists argued that
some innate behaviors were shaped by evolution
102
ethologists argue that
gender differences are affected by evolved predispositions
103
females innate preference
nurturing
104
males innate preference
movement
105
some support for this argument comes from
nonhuman primates
106
critiques of ethological
important because they place individual development in a much broader context than other theories
107
critiques of evolutionary psychology
largely untestable and overlooks human capacity to adapt
108
critiques of bioecological
criticized for omission of specific biological factors
109
evolutionary psychology applies
darwinian concepts (natural selection and adaptation) to human behavior
110
all organisms, including humans are motivated to beave in what way?
to preserve their genes in the gene pool of species
111
evolutionary psychologists argue that (1)
the large size of our brains necessitates a prolonged period of immaturity
112
evolutionary psychologists argue that (2)
a consequence in humans' neural plasticity is learning from experience
113
evolutionary psychologists argue that (3)
prolonged immaturity requires a great deal of nurturance from parents
114
evolutionary psychologists see ____ as an evolved platform for learning
play
115
parental-investment theory
parenting behavior was shaped by evolution and duration of daily care
116
parents' genes are perpetuated only if their what?
offspring survive and reproduce (drive to protect kids)
117
bioecological model (bronfenbrenner)
child's environment is composed of a series of nested structures, with every level having an impact on development
118
Freud: oral (first year)
mother is established as strongest love object
119
Freud: anal (1-3)
defecation
120
Freud: phallic (3-6)
pleasure in genitalia
121
Freud: latency (6-12)
channeling of sexual energy into social activities
122
Freud: genital (12+)
sexual maturation is complete and sex is main goal
123
Erickson: oral (same years)
developing trust
124
E: anal
achieve a sense of autonomy, while adjusting to increased social elements
125
E: phallic
resolved when child develops high latencies and the initiative to meet then without being crushed by anxiety
126
E: latency
master cognitive saand social skills, learn to work industriously, and play well with others
127
E: genital
who they really are or live in confusion about what role they should play as adults
128
reciprocal determinism
child-environment influences operate in both directions
129
perceived self-efficacy
child's beliefs about how effectively they can control their own behavior, thoughts, and emotions to achieve a desired goal
130
bronfenbrenner bioecological model
micro, meso, exo, macro, and chronosystem
131
microsystem
immediate, bi-directional environment that a person xperiences
132
mesosystem
encompasses connections among various microsystems
133
exosystem
environmental settings that the person does not experience directly but indirectly
134
macrosystem
larger cultural context within which other systems are embedded
135
chronosystem
historical changes that influence other systems
136
psychoanalytic theory players
freud and erickson
137
psychoanalytic theory examples
id, ego, superego; biological drives
138
lifespan development theory examples
stages of crisis, resolution
139
learning theory players
watson and skinner
140
watson examples
behaviorism, Little Albert, conditioned fear
141
Skinner examples
nature and function of reinforcement, operant conditioning
142
social learning theory players
Bandura
143
Bandura examples
bobo doll, observational learning, vicarious reinforcement
144
Dodge examples
info-processing approach, hostile attribution bias
145
social cognitive theory players
Dodge and Dweck
146
dweck examples
mastery of helpless orientations (academic self-perceptions
147
ecological theory player
Lorenze
148
ethological examples
imprinting; behavior shaped by evolution, understood in terms of adaptation and survival
149
evolutionary examples
natural selection drives development; big brains = prolonged parenting
150
emotional intelligence
a set of abilities that contribute to competent social functing
151
what are the abilities that contribute to competent social functing?
motivation and persistence in frustration, controlling impulses and delay gratification. identify an understand's one's actions and others' feelings, regulate one's moods
152
is emotional intelligence a better predictor of intelligence than iq?
yes
153
what does walter mischel's marshmallow task predict using delay of gratification?
social, emotional, and academic competence
154
emotion
motivational force or action tendency accompanied by changes in physiology
155
discrete emotions theory
emotions are innate and distinct (discrete) from one another and each one has a specific set of bodily and facial reactions
156
discrete emotions theory contributors
darwin, izard, and tomkins
157
functionalist approach
environment helps shape emotions and motivate actions (not discrete) and can vary
