exam 3 chap 14 Stress, Coping, & Health Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
what is stress?
A
Stress is the feeling of being overwhelmed or worried about something (affects ones well being)
(Influenced by physiology, ,cognition and culture/environment )
2
Q
Stressor?
A
Something that triggers a stress response
3
Q
Acute stressor?
A
Short term finite stressful situation ( it’s temporary and has a endpoint)
(ex) bad traffic on the way to an appointment, studying for a midterm
4
Q
Chronic Stressor?
A
Long term stressor with no definition end
(ex) high pressure job, world wide pandemic
5
Q
Individuals who experience stress often have one of four kinds of experiences that lead to feeling stressed. these are…
A
1.Frustration
2.Pressure
3.conflict
4.danger
6
Q
What type of stressor could ‘frustration’ be caused by?
A
both Acute stressor and Chronic
(In both cases, frustration occurs when obstacles prevent you from achieving a goal or resolving a problem)
7
Q
Three main causes of stress
A
Catastrophes and traumatic events (unpleasant large scale events eg; war, earthquake, Chronic negative situations eg; living in a dangerous environment)
Life events (Also called life transitions eg; death, marriage, divorce, loss of job )
Daily hassles (annoying events in everyday life eg; rush hour)
8
Q
why was the social readjustment rating scale (SRRS) created?
A
TO MEASURE STRESS IN THE FORM OF CHANGE
assess how much stress a person experiences due to changes in their life, whether those changes are positive or negative
9
Q
Feeling conflicted
A
Conflict happens when we feel uncomfortable because we have two or more goals or desires that don’t seem to work together.
10
Q
3 basic types of CONFLICT
A
1.Approach–approach conflict: Choosing between two good options.
Ex) Picking between two favorite meals.
2.Avoidance–avoidance conflict: Choosing between two bad options.
Ex) Deciding whether to do chores or study for a test.
3.Approach–avoidance conflict: A single choice has both good and bad sides.
Ex) Taking a high-paying job with a long commute.
11
Q
Daily hassles
A
everyday annoyances that contribute to higher stress levels; also known
as micro-stressors.
12
Q
What physiological responses to stress do you feel Robert would have likely
suffered in that first year at the residential school?
A
fast heartbeat, tense muscles, headaches, and stomach problems from the stress at the residential school.
13
Q
Chronic Job Stress
A
having to deal with low wages, unpredictable shifts, and physically demanding work
environment scan lead to chronic feelings of stress that can influence health and
well-being.
14
Q
Socio-cultural Conditions
A
social and cultural factors that affect how people live and behave.
ex)In some cultures, people live with their families, which can help reduce stress. In other cultures, people may live alone, which can make them feel more stressed.
15
Q
What is the difference between an acute stressor and a chronic stressor?
A
An acute stressor is short-term and temporary, like an exam or an argument.
A chronic stressor is long-term and ongoing, like financial problems or a serious illness.
16
Q
What are the four types of stress experiences?
A
Acute stress: Short-term stress from a specific event (e.g., an exam).
Chronic stress: Long-term stress from ongoing issues (e.g., financial struggles).
Episodic acute stress: Frequent, repeated episodes of short-term stress (e.g., constant deadlines).
Traumatic stress: Stress caused by a major, distressing event that overwhelms coping abilities (e.g., natural disasters, accidents, or violent experiences).
17
Q
What are daily hassles and what is their impact on health?
A
small, everyday annoyances like traffic or work issues. Over time, they can cause stress and lead to health problems like headaches, sleep issues, and heart disease.
18
Q
Physiological Responses to Stress
A
Stress triggers the brain to send signals to the body, causing quick breathing, a fast heart rate, sweating, a dry mouth, and stomach tightness. These are physical signs of the body’s response to stress.
19
Q
Physiological Responses to Stress ( The Fight-or-Flight Response)
A
The fight or flight response is a physiological reaction to threat that activates an organism to act
Sweating due to increased energy output, Dilated pupils to increase visual range and detect threat, Tensed and swollen muscles to increase physical performance
20
Q
The fight - or - flight response activates two physiological pathways (simultaneously)
A
- path 1: Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
- Path 2: Hypothalamus - pituitary- adrenal (hpa) axis
21
Q
Which part of the nervous system activates the adrenal medulla to release norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline)?
A) Parasympathetic nervous system
B) Sympathetic nervous system
C) Somatic nervous system
D) Central nervous system
A
B) Sympathetic nervous system
22
Q
What is the first pathway in the body’s stress response?
A) The hypothalamus excites the sympathetic nervous system, triggering the release of cortisol.
B) The brain stimulates the adrenal medulla to release norepinephrine and epinephrine.
C) The pituitary gland releases ACTH, stimulating the adrenal cortex.
D) The adrenal cortex releases adrenaline and norepinephrine.
A
B) The brain stimulates the adrenal medulla to release norepinephrine and epinephrine.
23
Q
How does the hypothalamus help the body respond to stress through the pituitary gland and the release of cortisol?
A
The hypothalamus helps the body respond to stress by controlling the release of hormones. When you’re stressed, it signals the pituitary gland to release ACTH, which then tells the adrenal glands (cortex) to release cortisol. Cortisol helps your body handle stress by increasing energy and supporting other body functions. This process is part of the HPA axis (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis).
24
Q
Which hormone is released by the adrenal cortex in response to activation of the HPA axis (path 2)
A) Norepinephrine
B) Epinephrine
C) Cortisol
D) Adrenaline
A
Answer: C) Cortisol
25
What role does the hypothalamus play in the HPA axis (path 2)
A) It releases ACTH to stimulate the adrenal cortex.
B) It excites the sympathetic nervous system.
C) It stimulates the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine.
D) It activates the pituitary gland to release norepinephrine.
A)signals pituitary gland and It releases ACTH to stimulate the adrenal cortex and later releases cortisol
26
Which pathway involves the release of stress hormones like cortisol?
A) The sympathetic nervous system pathway
B) The HPA axis pathway
C) The somatic nervous system pathway
D) The parasympathetic nervous system pathway
B) The HPA axis pathway (path 2)
27
Fight-or-flight response
occurs when the brain detects danger or stress, sending signals to the sympathetic nervous system. This triggers bodily reactions, like the release of cortisol, which provides energy to prepare the body to either fight or flee the threat.
28
What role does the hypothalamus play in the stress response?
A) It stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol.
B) It releases ACTH into the bloodstream.
C) It triggers the sympathetic nervous system.
D) It causes the release of adrenaline.
B) It releases ACTH into the bloodstream.
29
What hormone is released by the pituitary gland in response to stress
A) Norepinephrine
B) Adrenaline
C) ACTH
D) Cortisol
ACTH
30
pituitary gland?
a small gland at the base of the brain. It releases hormones, including ACTH, which help control growth, metabolism, and stress responses.
31
ACTH
when hypothalamus wants to respond to stress its a substance released by pituitary gland which then tells adrenal gland (cortex) to release cortisol
It triggers the release of cortisol from the adrenal glands.
32
What if we experience long term fight or flight?
Hans Selye (General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
33
what are 3 stages of GAS?
Alarm: The body's first response to stress. It activates "fight or flight," raising stress hormones.
Resistance: If stress continues, the body stays alert and tries to cope, but this can make it easier to get sick or feel more stress if it piles up.
Exhaustion: Long-term stress uses up the body's energy, making it harder to handle stress and more likely to get sick or feel burned out.
34
What happens during the exhaustion stage of stress?
A) The body becomes energized and resistant.
B) The body is depleted of energy and has little ability to resist.
C) The body is in a state of heightened alertness.
D) The body recovers from the stressor.
B) The body is depleted of energy and has little ability to resist.
35
Which of the following is an example of the resistance phase in students?
A) Feeling physically exhausted after final exams.
B) Late-night studying and preparing for exams.
C) Experiencing cold symptoms during exams.
D) Feeling calm and relaxed after exams.
B) Late-night studying and preparing for exams
36
According to Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome, what can happen if the stressor continues during the exhaustion phase?
A) The body adapts and becomes stronger.
B) The organism may suffer organ damage or death.
C) The body quickly recovers from stress.
D) The organism becomes less sensitive to stress.
B) The organism may suffer organ damage or death.
37
What criticism did Sonia Lupien have regarding Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?
A) Stress only affects the body, not the mind.
B) The stress response is not the same for all types of stressors.
C) Psychological factors have no effect on stress.
D) Stress is always beneficial to the body.
B) The stress response is not the same for all types of stressors for every individuals
38
What types of stressors did Selye primarily use in his experiments?
A) Psychological stressors
B) Social stressors
C) Physical stressors (e.g., pain, heat, cold)
D) Emotional stressors
C) Physical stressors (e.g., pain, heat, cold) with animals
39
What is a typical emotional response to stress?
A) Happiness
B) Relaxation
C) Anxiety
D) Excitement
Anxiety
40
Which of the following is true about emotional responses to stress?
A) They are always positive.
B) They vary depending on an individual’s personal style and stress-inducing situations.
C) Negative emotions like anxiety and depression are the only ones experienced during stress.
D) Stress always results in dejection and grief.
B) They vary depending on an individual’s personal style and stress-inducing situations.
41
What kind of emotions are commonly associated with severe, long-term stress?
A) Positive emotions like happiness and joy
B) Neutral emotions
C) Negative emotions like anxiety and depression
D) Physical symptoms without emotional changes
C) Negative emotions like anxiety and depression
42
What has research found about the relationship between daily stressors and mood?
A) Stress has no effect on mood.
B) Negative emotions increase with short-term stressors.
C) Positive emotions emerge with more stress.
D) People feel equally emotional regardless of stress levels.
B) Negative emotions increase with short-term stressors.
43
Which of the following is NOT a common emotional response to stress?
A) Fear and anxiety
B) Guilt and shame
C) Excitement and enthusiasm
D) Anger and rage
C) Excitement and enthusiasm
44
How does perceived daily stress impact mood throughout the day?
A) Mood remains stable regardless of stress levels.
B) Mood worsens with short-term stress and improves as stress subsides.
C) Daily stress leads to long-term mood improvement.
D) Mood does not change based on perceived stressors.
B)Mood gets worse during short-term stress but gets better once the stress is gone.
45
What did earlier research suggest about emotional responses to stress?
A) Only anxiety and depression are likely to emerge.
B) Positive emotions dominate stressful situations.
C) People feel no emotional changes during stress.
D) All emotional responses are mild and temporary.
A) Only anxiety and depression are likely to emerge.
46
According to research, what factors influence the type of emotional response to stress?
A) The individual’s personal style and the stress-inducing situation
B) The amount of time the stressor lasts
C) The individual’s physical health only
D) The availability of medical support
A) The individual’s personal style and the stress-inducing situation
47
What is a cognitive appraisal in response to stress?
A) A physical reaction to stress
B) The way we interpret and evaluate a stressful situation
C) The release of stress hormones
D) A consistent emotional response to stress
B) The way we interpret and evaluate a stressful situation
48
What does the phrase "stress lies in the eye of the beholder" mean?
A) Stress affects everyone the same way.
B) Stress depends on how each individual perceives a situation.
C) Stress only occurs in specific situations.
D) Stress is caused by external factors only.
B) Stress depends on how each individual view a situation.
49
What can influence a person’s appraisal of a stressful situation?
A) Their physical health
B) Their current psychological state
C) The time of day
D) The opinions of others
B) Their current psychological state
50
How might appraisals differ between individuals facing the same situation?
A) They will always feel the same level of stress.
B) Their reactions depend on how they interpret the situation.
C) Stress levels are determined by external factors only.
D) Appraisals do not influence stress response
B) Their reactions depend on how they interpret the situation.
51
What is an example of a stable cognitive appraisal?
A) Feeling consistently fearful of public speaking
B) Reacting differently to stress on different days
C) Changing opinions based on new information
D) Being calm in all situations
A) Feeling consistently fearful of public speaking
52
Why might losing a car key be more stressful on the day of a final exam?
A) It always causes the same level of stress.
B) The appraisal of the situation depends on the context of other stressors.
C) Losing a car key is never stressful otherwise.
D) External stressors have no impact on cognitive appraisals
B) The appraisal of the situation depends on the context of other stressors.
How you judge a situation depends on what other stresses you’re dealing with at the same time.
53
What does the text suggest about individual reactions to public speaking?
A) Everyone finds public speaking equally stressful.
B) Some may feel excited, while others may feel anxious.
C) People always react positively to public speaking opportunities.
D) Public speaking is not influenced by cognitive appraisals.
B) Some may feel excited, while others may feel anxious.
54
What is the first step in Richard Lazarus's description of how people experience stress?
A) Secondary appraisal
B) Coping with stress
C) Primary appraisal
D) Perception of control
C) Primary appraisal
55
What happens during primary appraisal?
A) The stressor is confronted immediately.
B) Personal resources are evaluated.
C) The stressor is assessed for severity.
D) The situation is ignored.
C) The stressor is assessed for severity.
In primary appraisal, you decide how serious the stressor is.
56
What is secondary appraisal?
A) Assessing the severity of the stressor
B) Ignoring the stressor
C) Evaluating personal resources and ability to cope
D) Seeking outside help to handle stress
C) Evaluating personal resources and ability to cope
In secondary appraisal, you assess if you have the resources and ability to handle the stressor.
57
What effect does a perceived lack of control have on stress? (Feeling like you have no control makes stress worse)
A) It decreases the level of stress.
B) It increases the threat level of the stressor.
C) It eliminates the stressor entirely.
D) It has no effect on stress levels.
B) It increases the threat level of the stressor.
58
How does perceived control influence stress in nursing home residents, according to studies?
A) Those with more control experienced less stress and had better survival rates.
B) Lack of control had no impact on their stress levels.
C) Control increased stress because of added responsibility.
D) Perceived control reduced stress but shortened survival rates.
A) Those with more control experienced less stress and had better survival rates.
59
What is one important factor in managing life-threatening illnesses?
A) Ignoring medical advice
B) Unrealistically believing one can fully control the disease
C) Managing specific aspects of the illness and treatment
D) Relying solely on unproven remedies
C) Managing specific aspects of the illness and treatment
60
Which of the following is an example of primary appraisal?
A) Deciding how to use resources to manage stress
B) Identifying a term paper as a threat to be avoided
C) Using emotional support from loved ones
D) Evaluating how much control one has over a situation
B) Identifying a term paper as a threat to be avoided
61
What is a realistic way to reduce stress for someone with a life-threatening illness?
A) Avoid thinking about the disease.
B) Control aspects of the disease, such as treatment decisions.
C) Assume full control over the illness.
D) Focus only on unproven remedies.
B) Control aspects of the disease, such as treatment decisions.
62
What is the key difference between primary and secondary appraisals?
A) Primary appraisal focuses on resources, while secondary appraisal focuses on severity.
B) Primary appraisal evaluates severity, while secondary appraisal evaluates coping ability.
C) Primary appraisal involves emotions, while secondary appraisal involves logic.
D) Primary appraisal occurs after secondary appraisal.
B) Primary appraisal evaluates severity, while secondary appraisal evaluates coping ability.
63
Why is a realistic sense of control important in managing stress?
A) Unrealistic control can lead to initial relief but may not improve outcomes.
B) A lack of control is always better for mental health.
C) Realistic control leads to full elimination of the stressor.
D) Perceived control does not affect stress levels.
A) Unrealistic control can lead to initial relief but may not improve outcomes.
64
What field provides most research on the effect of stress on performance?
A) Health psychology
B) Cognitive psychology
C) Sports psychology
D) Behavioral psychology
C) Sports psychology
65
What is "choking" in the context of performance under stress?
A) A physical inability to breathe
B) A sudden loss of skill or performance due to stress
C) An intentional decrease in effort
D) A motivational technique used by athletes
B) A sudden loss of skill or performance due to stress
66
How does "choking" happen?
A) When stress improves focus and concentration
B) When heightened anxiety impairs skill execution
C) When performers rely on practiced routines
D) When stress levels are completely absent
B) When heightened anxiety impairs skill execution
67
What is chronic stress?
A) A short-term stress response
B) A prolonged and heightened physiological reaction to stress
C) An immune response to illness
D) A temporary emotional reaction to adversity
B) A prolonged and heightened physiological reaction to stress
68
What are the health risks associated with chronic stress?
A) Increased risk of heart disease
B) Weakening of the immune system
C) General inflammation and slower healing time
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
69
What percentage of deaths are caused by heart disease today?
A) 6%
B) 27%
C) 50%
D) 10%
B) 27%
70
What was the percentage of deaths caused by heart disease in 1900?
A) 10%
B) 27%
C) 6%
D) 50%
C) 6%
71
What is the effect of work stress on cardiovascular disease risk?
A) No effect
B) Increases risk by 50%
C) Decreases risk by 25%
D) Reduces recovery time
B) Increases risk by 50%
72
What was the relationship between stress and the common cold in studies with participants given the rhinovirus?
A) No relationship
B) A negative relationship
C) A positive relationship
D) A random relationship
C) A positive relationship
studies have shown that people with more stress are more likely to catch a cold after being exposed to the virus. Stress weakens the immune system, making it harder to fight off infections.
73
What was measured in the stress and rhinovirus study?
A) Immune response to other illnesses
B) Development of cold symptoms
C) Recovery time from stress
D) Long-term cardiovascular health
B) Development of cold symptoms
74
Why is chronic stress bad for health?
A) It only causes emotional distress.
B) It leads to an overactive immune system.
C) It weakens the immune system and increases health risks.
D) It has no measurable effects on the body.
C) It weakens the immune system and increases health risks.
75
Which of the following is a realistic tip for dealing with stress?
A) Completely avoiding all stressful situations
B) Practicing stress management techniques like mindfulness
C) Relying only on medical interventions for stress
D) Ignoring stress to reduce its effects
B) Practicing stress management techniques like mindfulness
76
What is the primary role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in stress reactions?
A) Stimulating physical arousal by activating body organs
B) Suppressing stress-related reactions in the body
C) Blocking emotional responses to stressors
D) Slowing down heart rate during stress
A) Stimulating physical arousal by activating body organs
Increasing body reactions.
77
How does autonomic reactivity differ among individuals?
A) All individuals react the same way to stressors.
B) Some have highly reactive ANS responses, while others show less reactivity.
C) Everyone experiences stress only in severe situations.
D) Autonomic reactivity only occurs in life-threatening situations.
B) Some have highly reactive ANS responses, while others show less reactivity.
It means that some people’s bodies react more strongly to stress (like faster heart rate or sweating), while others' bodies don't react as much.
78
What is the impact of high autonomic reactivity on stress?
A) Reduced likelihood of stress reactions
B) Increased frequency and intensity of stress reactions
C) Lower blood pressure during stress
D) Complete suppression of physical arousal
B) Increased frequency and intensity of stress reactions
It means having stress more often and feeling it more strongly. You might feel anxious or upset more often, and your body could react more intensely
79
What kinds of disorders can differences in autonomic reactivity influence?
A) Physical injuries
B) Depression and anxiety
C) Immune system disorders
D) Cognitive disabilities
B) Depression and anxiety
80
What types of responses are studied to measure cardiovascular reactivity to stress?
A) Emotional and behavioral responses
B) Blood pressure and heart rate
C) Immune cell activity
D) Hormone levels in saliva
B) Blood pressure and heart rate
81
In research on cardiovascular responses to stress, how do participants differ?
A) Some show consistently high reactivity, while others show low reactivity.
B) All participants have similar reactivity across stress situations.
C) Only a few participants experience reactivity due to stress.
D) Cardiovascular reactivity does not vary between individuals.
A) Some show consistently high reactivity, while others show low reactivity.
82
What does "explanatory style" refer to?
a. The way people explain events and how it affects their emotional responses.
b. The tendency to avoid stressors altogether.
c. The frequency of stress responses in individuals.
d. The time it takes for people to recover from stress.
a. The way people explain events and how it affects their emotional responses.
83
How do optimistic and pessimistic explanatory styles differ?
a. Optimists believe setbacks are permanent, while pessimists view them as temporary.
b. Optimists believe setbacks are temporary and manageable, while pessimists think things will go wrong.
c. Optimists avoid appraising stressors, while pessimists appraise them positively.
d. Both believe that setbacks are inevitable and permanent.
b. Optimists believe problems are only short-term and can be fixed, while pessimists think things will always go bad.
84
Which of the following is a benefit of an optimistic explanatory style?
a. Experiencing higher levels of stress.
b. Focusing on negative aspects of stressful situations.
c. Using constructive coping strategies like seeking social support.
d. Avoiding stressors altogether.
c. Using coping strategies like seeking social support.
85
What is defensive pessimism?
a. Expecting positive outcomes to maintain high expectations.
b. Expecting negative outcomes to protect against disappointment but still holding some hope.
c. Ignoring potential setbacks to avoid stress.
d. Always expecting positive outcomes regardless of the situation.
b. Expecting negative outcomes to protect against disappointment but still holding some hope.
86
What research evidence supports the impact of explanatory styles on stress reactions?
a. Optimists tend to seek social support and appraise stress as manageable, leading to lower stress levels.
b. Pessimists always experience more stress, regardless of their coping strategies.
c. Both optimists and pessimists experience the same levels of stress.
d. Optimists are less likely to appraise stressors positively.
a. Optimists tend to seek social support and appraise stress as manageable, leading to lower stress levels.
87
Can people show a mix of optimistic and pessimistic tendencies?
a. Yes, some people show "optimistic pessimism," where they expect negative outcomes but still hope for the best.
b. No, people are either purely optimistic or purely pessimistic.
c. Yes, but they always show extreme optimism in the end.
d. No, those who are pessimistic cannot show any form of optimism.
a. Yes, some people show "optimistic pessimism," where they expect negative outcomes but still hope for the best.
88
How do individual differences in autonomic nervous system reactivity affect stress responses?
A) All individuals respond to stress in the same way
B) Some individuals experience more intense reactions due to high reactivity
C) People with low reactivity experience stress more intensely
D) Stress responses are not influenced by ANS reactivity
B) Some individuals experience more intense reactions due to high reactivity
89
How does heightened autonomic nervous system reactivity influence mental health?
A) It has no effect on mental health
B) It may lead to an increased risk of disorders like depression and anxiety
C) It decreases the likelihood of developing mental health disorders
D) It only affects physical health, not mental health
B) It may lead to an increased risk of disorders like depression and anxiety
90
What coping strategies are commonly associated with an optimistic explanatory style?
A) Ignoring the problem and avoiding social interactions
B) Seeking social support and using constructive coping techniques
C) Ruminating on negative outcomes
D) Waiting for problems to resolve on their own
B) Seeking social support and using constructive coping techniques
91
How do individuals with a pessimistic explanatory style tend to view stressful situations?
A) As temporary and manageable
B) As opportunities for growth
C) As permanent and unmanageable
D) As challenges to overcome with effort
C) As permanent and unmanageable
92
How do personality traits influence stress responses?
A) They have no effect on stress reactions
B) Personality traits determine how individuals appraise and react to stressors
C) Personality traits only affect physical health, not mental responses to stress
D) Stress responses are identical regardless of personality traits
B) Personality traits determine how individuals appraise (평가) and react to stressors
93
What characterizes a hardy personality in relation to stress?
A) Viewing stressors as crises and feeling overwhelmed
B) Welcoming challenges and perceiving stressors as opportunities for growth
C) Experiencing heightened stress levels in challenging situations
D) Avoiding all forms of stress or challenges
B) Welcoming challenges and perceiving stressors as opportunities for growth
94
What is the primary trait of Type A personality?
A) Relaxed and unconcerned with time
B) Competitive, impatient, and prone to anger and hostility
C) Peace-loving and emotionally reserved
D) Socially inhibited and overly focused on avoiding stress
B) Competitive, impatient, and prone to anger and hostility
95
How do Type B personalities generally respond to stress?
A) With competitiveness and high aggression
B) With relaxation, less aggression, and lower stress levels
C) With extreme frustration and anger
D) With anxiety and social inhibition
B) With relaxation, less aggression, and lower stress levels
96
What is the distinguishing feature of Type C personality?
A) Difficulty in expressing or acknowledging negative feelings
B) High levels of competitiveness and impatience
C) Relaxation and low levels of aggression
D) A focus on social relationships and avoidance of stress
A) Difficulty in expressing or acknowledging negative feelings
97
What health implications are associated with Type D personality?
A) It has no impact on health
B) It is linked to lower levels of stress and better health outcomes
C) It is associated with negative affectivity such as worry and gloominess, and social inhibition
D) It is related to increased resilience and reduced stress
C) It is associated with negative affectivity such as worry and gloominess, and social inhibition
98
How does a Type A personality influence an individual's stress levels?
A) They are generally relaxed and unaffected by stress
B) They experience higher levels of stress due to impatience, competitiveness, and hostility
C) They rarely experience stress because they avoid challenges
D) They experience less stress due to their calm nature
B) They experience higher levels of stress due to impatience, competitiveness, and hostility
99
What defines a Type B personality in relation to stress?
A) Competitive and time-conscious
B) Relaxed, less aggressive, and less worried about time
C) Highly driven and always in a hurry
D) Exhibiting high levels of anger and cynicism
B) Relaxed, less aggressive, and less worried about time
100
What impact does being a Type C personality have on managing anger?
A) Type C personalities express anger openly and assertively
B) Type C personalities tend to turn their anger inward
C) Type C personalities rarely experience anger
D) Type C personalities use their anger to drive their achievements
B) Type C personalities tend to turn their anger inward
instead of expressing or showing their anger outwardly, a person keeps it inside
101
How do Type D personalities typically react to stress?
A) With optimism and social engagement
B) With negative feelings such as worry and gloominess, and social inhibition
C) By avoiding stress and relaxation techniques
D) With assertiveness and proactive coping strategies
B) With negative feelings such as worry and gloominess, and social inhibition
102
How do the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) pathways influence our experience of stress?
The sympathetic nervous system activates the fight-or-flight response,
while the HPA pathway regulates longer-term stress responses
103
What happens in each stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
The first stage is alarm,
the second stage is resistance, and the
third stage is exhaustion
104
What is the difference between primary appraisal and secondary appraisal?
Primary appraisal involves evaluating stressors, and
secondary appraisal assesses how to cope with them
105
How does autonomic reactivity affect how different people experience stress?
Higher autonomic reactivity is linked to greater stress sensitivity and physiological responses
106
What are the characteristics of the hardy personality type?
Individuals are open to challenges, view stressors as opportunities, and are committed to their goals
107
Coping
efforts to manage, reduce, or,tolerate stress ex) meditation
108
What does coping refer to in the context of stress?
A) Ignoring the stressor completely
B) Efforts to manage, reduce, or tolerate stress
C) A strategy to eliminate all stressors
D) Avoidance of emotions related to stress
B) Efforts to manage, reduce, or tolerate stress
109
What is the key difference between emotion-focused coping and problem-focused coping?
A) Emotion-focused coping involves changing feelings about the stressor, while problem-focused coping involves addressing the stressor itself
B) Problem-focused coping involves avoidance, while emotion-focused coping confronts the stressor
C) Emotion-focused coping avoids stressors, while problem-focused coping seeks professional help
D) There is no difference between the two strategies
A) Emotion-focused coping involves changing feelings about the stressor, while problem-focused coping involves addressing the stressor itself
110
How does social support influence stress levels?
A) It increases stress levels due to social obligations
B) It has no measurable impact on stress
C) It decreases stress levels and enhances coping abilities
D) It only helps people with Type A personalities
C) It decreases stress levels and enhances coping abilities
111
What cultural variation exists in the preference for social support?
A) Explicit social support is preferred universally
B) Implicit social support is preferred only in Western cultures
C) Some cultures prefer explicit social support, while others prefer implicit social support
D) There are no cultural differences in the preference for social support
C) Some cultures prefer explicit social support, while others prefer implicit social support
how different cultures prefer to receive help or support when they are stressed or facing challenges. Specifically, it looks at whether people from different cultures like to seek direct help (explicit support) or indirect help (implicit support).
112
Which of the following is NOT a proposed benefit of humor in coping with stress?
A) Decreased cortisol levels
B) Increased anxiety levels
C) Reduced blood pressure
D) Relaxed muscle tone
B) Increased anxiety levels
113
What does reappraisal mean in coping with stress?
A) Ignoring stressors to reduce their impact
B) Reinterpreting the meaning of something to change emotions about it
C) Focusing on eliminating the stressor completely
D) A defense mechanism to suppress emotions
B) Reinterpreting the meaning of something to change emotions about it
114
What is one direct way that humor may improve health?
A) By causing stress to be ignored completely
B) By increasing blood flow and reducing blood pressure
C) By preventing the occurrence of stressful events
D) By ensuring that stress does not impact immune activity
B) By increasing blood flow and reducing blood pressure
115
What is one indirect way that humor is believed to improve health?
A) Humor increases cortisol levels, which enhances alertness
B) Humor strengthens social support, which aids in stress management
C) Humor completely eliminates all stressful emotions
D) Humor provides a better workout than exercise
B) Humor strengthens social support, which aids in stress management
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Self-Disclosure
sharing of emotions and experiences with others in person or online, can also help people deal with stress.
117
Self-Indulgence
such as overeating, smoking cigarettes, and
consuming drugs and alcohol, to cope with stress
118
What are the main benefits of altering consciousness through meditation?
Enhanced relaxation, reduced stress, and improved focus
119
How can lashing out negatively affect our management of stressors? reacting with intense anger or frustration
It can damage relationships and increase feelings of guilt or regret
120
What is a repressive coping style?
Avoiding or denying the existence of stress and pushing it out of awareness
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two forms of constructive coping:
healthy and effective strategies that individuals use to deal with stress, problems, or difficult emotions.
Emotion-focused coping: Changing feelings about the stressor through activities like exercise or meditation to reduce emotional distress.
Problem-focused coping: Taking direct action to manage or eliminate the stressor, such as creating a plan or seeking support.
122
What is the role of the hypothalamus in responding to a stressor?
It activates the sympathetic nervous system and triggers the HPA axis.
123
What does it mean to say that the effects of stress on the brain are helpful in the short term but can be harmful in the long term?
Short-term stress enhances focus and memory, while
long-term stress can damage brain structures like the hippocampus.
124
How does the brain response differ when a stressor is rewarding versus not rewarding?
Rewarding stressors activate pleasure pathways like the dopamine system, while non-rewarding stressors trigger more cortisol release.
125
Where in the brain are the stress hormone receptors that help to restore the brain to its normal state once the stressor has passed?
The hippocampus
126
What is psychoneuroimmunology?
A field examining the links between stress, the immune system, and health
127
What is the primary function of the immune system?
To identify and destroy foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses
128
What are lymphocytes?
White blood cells that fight infections and destroy foreign invaders.
129
How does severe stress affect lymphocyte activity?
It slows down lymphocyte activity, reducing the ability to fight infections.
130
How does social support affect immune system functioning in stressful situations?
It helps to improve immune system functioning.
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inoculation
when you expose yourself to small amounts of stress in a safe way to get stronger and better at handling bigger stress in the future.
132
How has stress been linked with coronary heart disease?
Stress can increase heart disease risk by raising blood pressure and inflammation.
133
What is the connection between life changes and illness?
Life changes, especially stressful ones, can weaken the immune system and make us more likely to get sick.
134
How does stress affect the immune system?
Stress can slow down immune cells, making it harder to fight infections.
135
What factors influence whether stress will have this effect?
Factors include stress level, how long it lasts, coping methods, and social support
136
What are some symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder? PTSD
intrusive memories, flashbacks, nightmares, emotional numbness, irritability, difficulty sleeping, and hypervigilance.
137
What factors put a person at heightened risk for developing posttraumatic stress disorder following a traumatic event?
Risk factors include a history of prior trauma, lack of social support, the severity of the trauma, and genetic predispositions.
138
The sweaty palms and rapid heartbeat we experience as anxiety are most directly related to activation of which portion of the nervous system?
a. Autonomic nervous system
b. Hippocampus
c. Occipital lobes
d. SNS
d. Sympathetic nervous system
139
Compared with major life events, daily hassles:
a. have a lower impact upon us.
b. can add to the effects of larger events.
c. can have greater impact than the effects of major life events.
d. are of secondary concern.
c. can have greater impact than the effects of major life events.
140
Bob loves visiting his grandfather but hates his cooking. Bob is trying to decide whether to visit his grandfather this weekend and is experiencing an:
a. approach–approach conflict.
b. approach–avoidance conflict.
c. avoidance–avoidance conflict.
d. approach–withdraw conflict.
b. approach–avoidance conflict.
141
During concentrative meditation, a person actively concentrates on an object, word, or idea called a(n):
a. dissociation
b. koan
c. mantra
d. suggestion
c. mantra
142
Which of the following is not potentially associated with posttraumatic stress disorder?
a. Anxiety
b. Depression
c. Amnesia
d. Disorientation
c. Amnesia
143
What does the release of cortisol during stressful experiences do for us?
a. Elevates blood sugar
b. Energizes us
c. Protects us from inflammation
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
144
Which of the following is one experience that can lead to feeling stressed?
a. Automatic
b. Frustration
c. Happiness
d. Sensitization
b. Frustration
145
In a study using the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, which of the following stressors was not reported as one of the top five experienced by college and university students?
a. Applying to graduate school
b. Death of a family member or friend
c. Having to take multiple tests
d. Personal injury or illness
a. Applying to graduate school
146
Which of the following statements shows the correct order of the components of the physiological response to stress?
a. hypothalamus → adrenal cortex → pituitary
b. hypothalamus → adrenal medulla → pituitary
c. hypothalamus → pituitary → adrenal cortex
d. hypothalamus → pituitary → adrenal medulla
c. hypothalamus → pituitary → adrenal cortex
147
Recent research has shown that __________ is the aspect of Type A personality that is most strongly associated with coronary heart disease:
a. competitiveness
b. hostility
c. impatience
d. pessimism
b. hostility
148
Which type of task is best suited to moderate levels of stress?
a. Easy
b. Medium
c. Difficult
d. None of these; moderate stress is the optimal stress level for all types of tasks
b. Medium
149
When we are deciding what a particular situation means to us in terms of its stress potential, we are () the situation.
appraising
150
If your friends were to forget to invite you to a party, it would be an example of a ()
minor stressor.
151
When a minority-group member encounters members of the majority group, they may experience ()
intergroup threat
152
In the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome, our resistance level to the effects of stress is () relative to unstressed levels.
increased
153
The fact that a given situation may be very stressful for one person and not at all stressful for another tells us that the () is often more important than actual threat.
perception of threat
154
Emily is struggling to keep up with her classes and must choose whether to work on a paper for one class or a project for another class before heading to work. Emily is facing () conflict
avoidance-avoidance conflict.
155
()has been shown to relieve pain by encouraging people to pay attention to their feelings, sensations, and experiences without judging or getting too involved with them.
Mindfulness meditation
156
When faced with a stressor, the nervous system communicates with the endocrine system through the
HPA axis
157
() is a neurotransmitter that tends to improve immune system functioning in times of low stress and impair it during periods of severe or prolonged stress.
Oxytocin
158
