Exam 3: Chapter 14

Question 1

What percentage of water makes up a person’s weight?

Answer 1

about 60 percent (can range from 50 to 75)

Question 2

What are the major body compartments where water is found?

Answer 2

• Intracellular Fluid
  
  • 2/3 of the body’s water
• Extracellular Fluid
  
  • Interstitial and Intravascular

Question 3

What are the major functions of water?

Answer 3

• Maintenance of blood volume
• Transport of nutrients and oxygen
• Fluid synthesis
• Lubricant in knees and joints
• Solvent in metabolic processes
  
  • Sucrose + H2O ® Glucose + Fructose
• Temperature Regulation
  
  • Specific Heat
• Waste Product Removal
  
  • Urea

Question 4

How do we maintain intracellular and extracellular fluid balance?

Answer 4

• Transmembrane pumps
  
  • Sodium, potassium move against the concentration gradient
• Osmosis

Question 5

What is the Adequate Intake for water? When are needs met?

Answer 5

• AI: 15 cups adult men (3.7 L), 11 cups adult women (2.7 L)
• Needs met when intake = output

Question 6

How is water balance regulated?

Answer 6

• Small losses are compensated for by quickly
  
  • Kidneys, brain, lungs, liver
• Body’s response to loss of water
  
  • Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
  • Renin-angiotensin system
  • Aldosterone
• Dehydration
  
  • signs
• Water Toxicity
  
  • Hyponatremia

Question 7

Understand the effects of dehydration

Answer 7

The effects of dehydration range from thirst to death, depending on the extent of water weight loss

Question 8

Food Sources of Sodium

Answer 8

Question 9

Main Functions of Sodium

Answer 9

• Absorption of glucose and some amino acids
• Normal muscle and nerve function
• Water balance

Question 10

Sodium Deficiency

Answer 10

• Rare (hyponatremia)
• Excessive perspiration, diarrhea, vomiting

Question 11

Sodium Toxicity/Excess

Answer 11

• UL: 2,300mg

Question 12

Food Sources of Potassium

Answer 12

• Unprocessed foods: fruits, vegetables, milk, whole grains

Question 13

Potassium Functions

Answer 13

• Major cation inside cells
• High intake suppresses renin-angiotensis system and promotes excretion of sodium

Question 14

Potassium Deficiency

Answer 14

• Hypokalemia (life-threatening)
• Depletion by some diuretics

Question 15

Potassum Toxicity/Excess

Answer 15

• Hyperkalemia (also life-threatening)
• In poor kidney function
• No UL set

Question 16

Food Sources of Chloride

Answer 16

Salt (NaCl)

Question 17

Main Functions of Chloride

Answer 17

–Main anion in extracellular fluid

–Nerve impulse transmission, HCl, immune response, acid-base balance

Question 18

Chloride deficiency

Answer 18

Hypochloremia is the disease caused when serum levels of chloride are very low. The symptoms of chloride deficiency are loss of electrolyte balance, weakness, cramps, loss of potassium in the urine, metabolicalkalosis and low blood pressure.

Question 19

Chloride Toxicity/Excess

Answer 19

UL: 3,600mg

Question 20

Food Sources of Calcium

Answer 20

–Dairy, fortified foods, green leafy vegetables

–Bioavailability issues

Question 21

Functions of Calcium

Answer 21

• Bone development and maintenance
  
  • Cortical and trabecular bone
  • Bone remodeling
  • Osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts
• Blood clotting
• Transmission of nerve impulses to target cells
  
  • Tetany
• •Muscle contraction
• •Cell metabolism
  
  • Calmodulin system

Question 22

Calcium Toxicity

Answer 22

–2500mg

–Hypercalcemia can lead to kidney stones

Question 23

Potential Health Benefits of Calcium

Answer 23

–Colon cancer prevention

–Protects against formation of oxalate kidney stones

–Blood pressure effect

Question 24

Calcium Deficiency

Answer 24

Osteoporosis

Question 25

Osteroporosis description, diagnosis, and prevention

Answer 25

* Bone Loss * Normal/low bone mass: osteopenia * Very low bone mass: osteoporosis * Kyphosis (Dowager’s hump) * •Diagnosis * DEXA bone scan * •Prevention * Bone building nutrients * Active lifestyle with weight-bearing activities * Not smoking * Drug therapy

Question 26

Phosphorus food sources

Answer 26

–Milk, cheese, meat, bakery products, and cereals

Question 27

Main Functions of Phosphorus

Answer 27

* Major component of bone and teeth * Critical to the function of every body cell * Part of ATP * Role in hypertension prevention

Question 28

Phosphorus Deficiency

Answer 28

–Rare but a chronic deficiency contributes to bone loss, decreased growth and poor tooth development

Question 29

Phosphorus Toxicity/Excess

Answer 29

–UL: 3-4 grams/day

Question 30

Magnesium Food Sources

Answer 30

–Part of chlorophyll – plant products –Smaller amounts from hard water, milk, and meats

Question 31

Magnesium Functions

Answer 31

–Vital role in range of biochemical and physiological processes

Question 32

Magnesium Deficiency

Answer 32

* Irregular heartbeat, weakness, muscle spasms * Increases risk of osteoporosis

Question 33

Magnesium Toxicity/Upper Level

Answer 33

–350mg from supplements and nonfood items only

Question 34

Sulfur functions

Answer 34

–Synthesis of sulfur-containing compounds –Stabilizes the structure of proteins –Participates in acid-base balance

Question 35

Sulfur deficiency and toxicity

Answer 35

No deficiency or toxicity

Question 36

What foods contain the most water by weight?

Answer 36

Vegetables that contain 92 percent water include cauliflower, eggplant,red cabbage, peppers and spinach. Broccoli is 91 percent water by weight. Additional healthy hydrating foods include carrots with 87 percent water and green peas and white potatoes with 79 percent water.

Question 37

Causes and risk factors for Hypertension

Answer 37

* Obstructive sleep apnea. * Kidney problems. * Adrenal gland tumors. * Thyroid problems. * Certain defects in blood vessels you're born with (congenital)

Question 38

Prevention and Treatment for Hypertension

Answer 38