Exam 3- Chapter 21

Question 1

boyle’s law

Answer 1

gas pressure + volume are inversely related

Question 2

as volume increases, pressure…

Answer 2

decreases

Question 3

as volume decreases, pressure…

Answer 3

increases

Question 4

how does boyle’s law relate to inspiration

Answer 4

as lung volume increases -> intrapulmonary pressure decreases which causes air to rush into lungs

Question 5

how does boyle’s law relate to expiration

Answer 5

as lung volume decreases-> intrapulmonary pressure increases causing air to move out of lungs

Question 6

atmospheric pressure

Answer 6

-created by the pull of gravity on air around us
-at sea level AP=760 mm Hg
-increases above sea level
-decreases below sea level

Question 7

intrapulmonary pressure

Answer 7

-air pressure within the alveoli
-rises + falls w inspiration & expiration
-always eventually equalizes with AP

Question 8

intrapleural pressure

Answer 8

-air pressure with pleural cavity
-rises + falls w inspiration & expiration
-does NOT equal atmospheric pressure, about 4 mm Hg less than intrapulmonary pressure

Question 9

inspiration is ______

Answer 9

active
def: involve muscle contraction

Question 10

expiration is ______

Answer 10

passive
def: does not involve muscle contaction

Question 11

what factors affect ventilation

Answer 11

-air pressure
-airway resistance
-alveolar surface tension
-pulmonary compliance

Question 12

airway resistance

Answer 12

anything that impedes air flow in respiratory tract

Question 13

resistance ______ during inspiration

Answer 13

decreases

Question 14

resistance ______ during expiration

Answer 14

increases

Question 15

diameter of bronchioles is controlled by…

Answer 15

smooth muscle contraction & relaxation

Question 16

bronchodialation

Answer 16

increases diameter of bronchioles

Question 17

bronchoconstriction

Answer 17

decreases diameter of bronchioles

Question 18

alveolar surface tension

Answer 18

alveoli are connected by thin liquid film made of water creating gas

Question 19

atelectasis

Answer 19

high amounts of unopposed surface tension causes alveolus to collapse during expiration

Question 20

what produces surfactant

Answer 20

type ll alveolar cells

Question 21

pulmonary compliance

Answer 21

ability of lungs + chest walls to stretch

Question 22

what are the 3 factors that determine pulmonary compliance

Answer 22

-degree of alveolar surface tension
-denstenibility of elastic tissue
-ability for chest walls to move or stretch during inspiration

Question 23

spirometer

Answer 23

produces graph that records normal & forced inspiration + expiration

Question 24

tidal volume

Answer 24

around 500 ml
volume of air exchanged with normal breathing

Question 25

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 25

maximum amount of air that can be forcibly inspired after the normal inspiration

Question 26

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 26

maximum amount of air that can be forcibly expired after the normal expiration

Question 27

residual volume

Answer 27

volume of air that remains in the lungs after forced expiration

Question 28

inspiratory capacitiy

Answer 28

total amount of air that can be inspired TV+IRV

Question 29

functional residual capicity

Answer 29

total amount of air that normally remains in the lungs after tidal expiration (normal breathing) ERV+RV

Question 30

vital capacity

Answer 30

total amount of exchangeable air that can be moved in & out of lungs TV+IRV+ERV

Question 31

total lung capacity

Answer 31

sum of all pulmonary volumes; represents total amount of exchangeable and nonexchangeable air in lungs TV+IRV+ERV+RV

Question 32

dalton's law

Answer 32

each gas in mixture exerts it's own pressure (partial pressure) total pressure of gas mixture is the sum of partial pressure of all its component gasses.

Question 33

pulmonary gas exchange is ________ respiration

Answer 33

external -pulmonary gas exchange is is the diffusion of gasses between alveoli and blood

Question 34

tissue gas exchange is ________ respiration

Answer 34

internal -tissue gas exchange is the diffusion of gasses between blood and tissues

Question 35

factors affecting pulmonary gas exchange

Answer 35

-surface area of respiratory membrane -thickness of membrane -ventilation-perfusion matching def: degree of match between the amount of air reaching alveoli (ventilation) & amount of blood flow (perfusion) in pulmonary capillaries.

Question 36

hypoxemia

Answer 36

low blood oxygen level

Question 37

hypercapnia

Answer 37

high blood carbon dioxide level

Question 38

factors affecting tissue gas exchange

Answer 38

-surface area available for gas exchange (of branched systemic capillaries) -distance over which diffusion must occur -perfusion of tissue

Question 39

-about 1.5% of inspired oxygen is dissolved in _____ -majority of oxygen is transported in plasma by _________

Answer 39

plasma hemoglobin (Hb)

Question 40

affinity

Answer 40

bond strnegth with which Hb binds to oxygen

Question 41

majorty of total CO2 is transported in the form of _______________ ____

Answer 41

bicarbonate ions (are imporant to blood pH homeostasis)

Question 42

buffer

Answer 42

a solution that can resist pH change of an acidic or basic component

Question 43

if hydrogen ions are added they bind to ___________ ___ to form _________ _____

Answer 43

bicarbonate ions carbonic acid

Question 44

dyspnea

Answer 44

shortness of breath

Question 45

eupnea

Answer 45

normal breathing

Question 46

ventral respiratory group

Answer 46

-anterior portion of medulla!! -responsible for rhythmicity of breathing!!! -VRG neurons send impulses along spinal cord that trigger action potential in: -intercostal nerves (innervates external intercostal muscles -phrenic nerve (innervates diaphragm)

Question 47

dorsal respiratory group

Answer 47

-posterior portion of medulla !! -responsible for inspiration !! -sends impulse along spinal cord that trigger ction potential in: -intercostal nerves (innervates external intercostal muscles -phrenic nerve (innervates diaphragm)

Question 48

central chemoreceptor

Answer 48

neurons in medullary reticular formation detects changes in both CO2 and H+ concentration by monitoring H+ levels in cerebrospinal fluid

Question 49

central chemoreceptor function

Answer 49

-relay info to DRG which alerts VRG

Question 50

peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 50

specialized cells in carotid arteries and aorta (called carotid bodies & aortic bodies)

Question 51

peripheral chemoreceptors function

Answer 51

detects when arterial PO2 falls below 70 mm Hg (normal 100 mm Hg) chemorecptors send signals to DRG along glossopharangeal (CN IX) and vagus (CN X)