Exam 3 Chapter 4/5 Flashcards
(140 cards)
0
Q
Facts about the EPIGLOTTIS
Chapter 4
A
- large leaf shaped structure
- attached to the thyroid cartilage
- Primary function is to keep food from going down the trachea
1
Q
What cartilage sits on top of the cricoid cartilage?
Chapter 4
A
Arytenoid Cartilages
3
Q
Name the SUPRAHYOID EXTRINSIC MUSCLES of the LARYNX
Chapter 4
A
- Stylohyoid -pulls hyoid up and back
- Mylohyoid -elevates hyoid & tongue
- Geniohyoid -pulls hyoid up & back
- Anterior belly of the Digastric- elevates hyoid and assists in depressing mandible
4
Q
Name the INFRAHYOID EXTRINSIC MUSCLES of the LARYNX
chapter 4
A
- Thyrohyoid (important in elevating the larynx during swallowing) F: pulls hyoid down and draws thryoid up
- Omohyoid - F: draws hyoid down
- Sternohyoid - F: Pulls hyoid down
- Sternothyroid - F: depresses thyroid
5
Q
Name the INTRINSIC LARYNGEAL muscles
chapter 4
A
- Cricothyroid muscle
- Thyroarytenoid
- Lateral Cricoarytenoid
- Interarytenoid
- Posterior Cricorytenoid
6
Q
What does the CRICOTHYROID muscle do and what is it innervated by?
chapter 4
A
The Cricothyroid:
•runs from side of the cricoid and proceeds up to attach to thyroid
•MAIN TENSOR of the folds
•raises fundamental frequency through elongation of tensing the folds
•NOT AN ADDUCTER
INNERVATED BY the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (VAGUS X)
7
Q
What does the posterior CRICOARYTENOID muscle do and what is it innervated by?
chapter 4
A
- acts to rotate arytenoid cartilages when they contract (moves folds apart)
- only ABDUCTER muscle that actively opens VF
INNERVATED by the inferior laryngeal nerve/ Recurrent laryngeal nerve
8
Q
What does the LATERAL CRICOARYTENOID muscle do?
chapter 4
A
- adductor
* pulls processes of arytenoids, which closes vocal folds
9
Q
What do the INTERARYTENOIDS do?
How many are there? Name them.
Chapter 4
A
• Adductors
• 2 (a pair)
- Oblique Arytenoid (make an X)
- Transvers Arytenoid
• Thought to be primary adductors of the VF
10
Q
What are the THYROARYTENOIDS?
What are they made up of?
Chapter 4
A
- Make up the mass of the VF
- Run from inside of the thyroid to the arytenoids
They are made up of :
•Vocal Ligaments- thickened edges
•Vocalis (thyrovocalis) -makes up most of the VF and thought to aid in tensing VF
•Thyromuscularis -lies lateral to the vocalis
•Mucous Membrane -covers the VF
11
Q
All intrinsic laryngeal muscles are innervated by the ____1_____ except for the ______2_______. <- This muscle is innervated by the _____3_____.
chapter 4
A
- Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
- Except the Cricothyroid Muscle
- External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (vagus X)
12
Q
The vocal folds are attached to the ____1______ in the front and 2 ____2______ in the back.
chapter 4
A
- Thyroid Cartilage
2. Arytenoid cartilages
13
Q
Fo is mainly affected by creating longitudinal tension via what muscle?
Chapter 4
A
Cricothyroid muscle
*from varying subglottal pressure
14
Q
What 2 things happen as air passes through the folds? Slide 22
Chapter 4
A
- Velocity of the air stream increases
- The pressure between the edges of the VF drops or decreases
* this lowered air pressure sucks the VF together
15
Q
Name the 2 factors involved when the vocal folds close. Slide 21
Chapter 4
A
- The elasticity of the folds brings them back to their resting place
- Bernoulli effect
16
Q
The fundamental frequency is determined by what 3 things?
Chapter 4
A
- Mass (thickness/length)
- Tension
- Elasticity
17
Q
Describe the myoelastic aerodynamic theory of phonation.
Chapter 4
A
Theory of how phonation occurs by combining muscular and aerodynamic forces
Myoelastic - means how muscles of the vocal folds change their elasticity and tension so that changes of frequency of vibration are effected
18
Q
How can a person increase the frequency of his or her vibration?
Chapter 4
A
by lengthening and tensing the folds via the cricothyroid muscle
*increase frequency by decreasing mass
19
Q
The main way to tense VF is to stretch them via what muscle?
Chapter 4
A
Cricothyroid Muscle
20
Q
What are the 3 main physiologic components of speech production?
A
- Subglottal - includes the lungs & trachea
- Larynx
- Supraglottal - includes oral cavity, nasal cavity, and the articulators
21
Q
What are 6 active structures involved in speech production?
A
- Lungs - provides air necessary for speech production
- Larynx - contains vocal folds which interrupt air stream and cause vibration
- Velum - soft palate ; open (down) for breathing and nasal sounds, closed (up) for all other speech sounds and chewing/swallowing
- Jaw/Mandible - raises or lowers, changing the size of the oral cavity.
- Tongue - moest movable
- Lips- changes size/shape of oral opening
22
Q
- How is a sound produces?
2. How is a sound modified?
A
- produced by the vibration of the coal folds
2. sound is modified by the articulators
23
Q
Name the primary articulators.
A
- Tongue
- Lips
- Velum
- Jaw/Mandible
24
Q
- Articulation refers to……
2. Resonance refers to…….
A
- Articulation refers to the movements of the articulators to create sound
- Resonance refers to the acoustic response of air particles in the cavities (sound resonates in cavities and the size of the cavity changes the resonance)
25
1. Sound is modified by the articulators but is further modified by the ____________.
2. How is resonance changed?
1. Sound is further modified by the resonance of the VOCAL TRACT
2. Resonance is changed by the SIZE of the cavities
26
Name 3 large resonating areas/cavities.
1. Pharyngeal cavity
2. Oral Cavity
3. Nasal Cavity
27
Important landmarks of the vocal tract include......
```
All the air passages above the larynx from the glottis to the lips
• Pharynx
• Oral Cavity
• Velum
• Tongue
• Lips
```
28
What 3 groups of muscles make up the back/posterior part of the pharynx?
1. Inferior constrictor muscle - which are at the level of the larynx
2. Middle Constrictor muscle - which begin higher and travel down to the hyoid bone
3. Superior constrictor muscle - make up the back of the pharynx from the level of the palate to the jaw or mandible
29
What makes up the boundaries of the oral cavity?
What makes up the top of the oral cavity?
1. Teeth make up the boundary in the front and sides
| 2. Hard palate and Velum (soft palate) make up the top of the oral cavity
30
In speech which teeth are the most involved?
What sounds are they used in?
1. Central and lateral incisors
| 2. Soulds include : /th/, /s/, /z/, /f/, /v/
31
What is the area located behind the top teeth called?
What is the name of irregular ridges, located behind the top teeth?
1. Alveolar ridge
| 2. Rugae
32
What does the hard palate consists of?
* premaxilla
| * palatine process
33
What muscles are responsible for lifting the soft palate (velum)?
Levator Palatini
34
What is it called when the levator palatini muscles contract and pull the soft palate up and back towards the posterior pharyngeal wall?
Velopharyngeal closure
35
What is the primary innervator of the levator palatini?
Pharyngeal branch of the Vagus Nerve (x)
36
The velum (soft palate) has the ____________ attached to it. (hangs down)
uvula
37
For nasal sounds, nasal __1___ is required, so the VP port is left ___2___ by leting the ____3____ relax. When this muscle is relaxed the velum hangs ___4___.
1. Resonance
2. Open
3. Levator Palatini
4. Down
38
We have VP closure of some degree for all english soulds except _____1_____.
VP closure is required for all oral __2__ and is especially essential for all __3__ consonants, which include _4_, _5_, and _6_.
1. the 3 nasals /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/
2. consonants
3. pressure
4. stops
5. fricatives
6. affricates
39
Where is the attachment for extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
outside the tongue
| *1 attached to tongue, 1 attached outside tongue
40
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
1. Styloglossus
2. Hyoglossus
3. Genioglossus
4. Palatoglossus
41
Hyoglossus
- attachment
- contraction
- sound
- attach to the hyoid bone and the muscle fibers go up into the lateral base of the tongue
- when contracted, it results in depressing and backing of tongue
- used for sounds like /a/ which have low tongue positions
42
Styloglossus
- attachment
- contraction
- sound
- attachment to the styloid process of each temporal bone, muscle fibers insert into the sides of the tongue
- when this muscle contracts, it pulls the tongue back and up
- we use this movement to make the sound /u/ as in "shoe"
43
Genioglossus
- attachment
- contraction
- sound
- attach to the inside of the jaw and the fibers run up to insert through out the length of the tongue
- when the muscle contracts, it raises and fronts the tongue
- used for sounds like /i/ in "see"
44
Palatoglossus
-contraction
CONTRACTION cand do 2 things:
•raise the sides and back of the tongue for velars (k,g)
•lower the soft palate
45
The extrinsic muscles of the tongue control the _1_, but the intrinsic muscles of the tongue determine the _2_.
1. basic position of the tongue
| 2. the surface shape of the tongue
46
Name the 4 intrinsic muscles of the tongue.
1. Superior Longitudinal
2. Inferior Longitudinal
3. Vertical Muscle
4. Transverse muscle
47
Superior longitudinal
- attachment
- contraction
- sound
- made up of lots of muscle fibers that run from the back of the tongue to the front
- contraction results in the tip of the tongue to curl up
- sound : /r/
48
Inferior Longitudinal
- attachment
- contraction
- Muscle goes the length of the tongue (back to tip) but is located underneath
- contraction results in pulling tip of tongue down
49
Most of the tongue lies between what 2 muscles?
1. Superior longitudinal
| 2. Inferior longitudinal
50
Vertical Muscle
| -location
runs from the top to the bottom of the tongue
51
Transverse Muscle
| -location
goes from the middle of the tongue out to the side of the tongue
52
All of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue work to allow the tongue to make different shapes needed for _1_.
1.articulation
53
What is the name of the main lip muscle?
Orbicularis Oris
54
The orbicularis oris circles the lips and is important in making ____ sounds.
bilabial
55
What are bilabial sounds?
* /m/
* /b/
* /p/
56
What muscle, when contracted adjusts the corners of the mouth?
Risoruis
57
Risoruis, when contracted makes what sound?
/i/ as in "see"
58
The orbicularis oris and the risoruis muscle are innervated by what nerve?
Facial Nerve
| Nerve VII
59
The orbicularis oris makes bilabial sounds in addition to sounds in which the lips _1_.
Sounds: _2_ & _3_.
1. Protrude
2. /u/
3. /w/
60
What are the 3 types of reflections?
* Echo
* Reverberation
* resonance
61
What is reflected sound?
When sound is reflected, air particles bounce off a surface. How the sound is reflected depends on the distance between the reflecting source and the sound source.
62
How the sound is reflected depends on....
depends on the distance between the reflecting source and the sound source
63
Describe Echo as a reflection.
There is a large distance between the source and reflector
64
Describe REVERBERATION as a reflection.
* Happens in enclosures, such as rooms
* The reflecting surface is close enough to the sound source so the sound is bouncing back before the source is finished making the sound
* Reverberation adds to the fullness of sound
65
Describe RESONANCE as a reflection.
* There is a very short distance between the sound source and the reflecting source.
* Its smaller than a room
* The resonance enhances the intensity of the sound
* Occurs in the vocal tract
66
Resonators differ with respect to the range of _____ to which they will respond.
Frequencies
67
Name 2 types of resonators.
* Sharply Tuned Resonators
| * Broadly Tuned Resonators
68
What is meant by sharply tuned resonators?
Means they respond to a limited number of frequencies
69
What is meant by broadly tuned resonators?
Means they respond to a greater number of frequencies
70
What is the acoustic theory of vowel production or source filter theory?
Has to do with resonant frequencies
71
Resonance is a ___________ response to an applied force.
Vibratory
72
what is natural resonant frequency?
The frequency of vibration that a system will vibrate with the greatest amplitude when driven by an external vibrating source.
73
A tone that matches the resonant frequency of a container will be amplified because...
it will bounce back with intensity
74
Fundamental frequency has to do with the number of __________ and the ________ of the vocal folds.
1. number of cycles per second the vocal folds open and close
2. vibration of VF
75
The resonant frequencies have to do with _______.
The vocal tract
primarily how long it is
76
The lowest resonant frequency resonates at this frequency and it also resonates at frequencies that are _____ multiples.
ODD #
77
Why dont even numbered multiples resonate?
bc they act as opposing forces and cancel each other out
78
Sound waves have points of maximum ___1___ and maximum __2__.
Pressure
| Velocity
79
1. Pressure is greatest at ________.
| 2. Velocity is greatest at _________.
1. Peaks, top and bottom for positive and negative pressure
| 2. Horizontal line and at its least at the maximum points of pressure
80
On a sine wave:
Compression = maximum point of ___1___.
Rarefraction = maximum point of __2__.
1. Positive Pressure
| 2. Negative Pressure
81
Why are points of maximum pressure and velocity important?
bc changes in the resonant frequencies that are amplified if the vocal tract is constricted near an area of max velocity or pressure.
82
2nd and 3rd resonating frequencies are odd # multiples this rule only applies to an _____.
open vocal tract
83
The vocal tract is _1_ at various points as we speak, it is a _2_ resonator.
1. Constricted
| 2. Variable Resonator
84
This rule of odd # multiples does not apply to a ______.
constricted vocal tract
85
Resonating frequencies respond to points of _1_ at points of max velocity and pressure as well as to the _2_.
1. Constrictions
| 2. size of the cavities
86
Constrictions at maximum velocity ____ the resonant frequencies.
LOWER
| MVL
87
Constrictions at points of max pressure ____ the frequencies of resonance.
Raise
| MPR
88
Resonances in the vocal traced are called ____
formants
89
F1 is affected mainly by what 2 things?
1. Changes in the opening of the mouth
| 2. The area of the pharyngeal cavity
90
F2 and F3 respond most to changes in what cavity?
Front or Oral cavity
91
F3 is determined by what 2 factors?
1. Front constriction (most affected)
| 2. Back constriction
92
Sounds that have smaller openings have ____ F1's.
Lower
93
Sounds that have more open postures have __1__ frequency F1's bc it is at a point of ___2____.
1. Higher
| 2. maximum pressure
94
A large pharyngeal cavity results in a ___ F1.
Lower
95
The area in front of the tongue is the _1_ cavity and the area behind it is the _2_ cavity.
1. oral cavity
| 2. pharyngeal cavity
96
/i/ is a _1_ vowel with large _2_ cavity, so there is a _3_ F1.
1. Front
2. Pharyngeal Cavity
3. Low
97
How can you raise the frequency of F2?
Movement of the tongue or jaw that causes constriction in the oral cavity at points of high pressure
98
What are 2 ways of lowering F2?
1. Tongue Backing
| 2. Lip Activity
99
Name other factors that affect formants.
1. Volume of air
2. Place of constriction
3. Degree of constriction
4. Degree of lip rounding
5. Degree of muscular tension
100
Describe a source function diagram.
* Spectrum of sound that is made at the larynx with out having passed through the vocal tract
* It has a fundamental frequency with harmonics that lessen in amplitude or intensity as frequencies increase
* it is the pure process of phonation without any affect of the vocal tract
* it is the sound of the VF vibrating
101
Descrive the transfer function diagram.
* Shows the resonant or formant frequencies of a natural vocal tract
* glottal and VF source are filtered through the transfer function
102
Describe the output diagram.
The sound that is produced is a combo of the 2 processes before it
•Sound that emerges from the lips has the same harmonics as the source function but the amplitude of the harmonics has been modified
103
In regards to source function, transfer function and output diagrams:
The sound that emerges from the lips has the same harmonics as the source function but the ___ of the harmonics has been modified.
Amplitude
104
Harmonics that are not in the areas of the formant frequencies _1_ energy. They _2_ energy and are _3_ intense.
1. Diminish
2. Lose Energy
3. Less intense
105
Those harmonics that are near the resonant (formant) frequencies resonate with them and therefore __1__ energy is given to them.
The result is that those formant frequencies are _2_ in intensity.
1. More
| 2. Amplified
106
All vowels can be made just by making changes to the shape of the _____.
Vocal tract
107
The source, vocal fold _1_, is the same for all _2_ - the only changes are made in the _3_. This is not true of _4_.
1. Vibration
2. Vowels
3. Vocal tract
4. consonants
108
The source function is primarily ____ of the transfer function.
Independent
109
The source function is determined by the ___.
Vocal folds
110
The transfer function is determined by the ___.
Vocal tract
111
1. When you change the vocal folds, or source, what 2 things are different?
2. What 2 things stay the same?
1. Fundamental frequency and spacing btwn the harmonics
| 2. Resonance, the formant frequencies
112
Name the type of vowel and placement of /i/
High, Font, unrounded vowel
113
Name the type of vowel and placement of /a/
low, back, unrounded vowel
114
Name the type of vowel and placement of /u/
high, back rounded vowel
115
/i/ is produced with high frequency formants, in other words, the vocal tract is resonating at high frequencies. Why does this happen?
bc the oral cavity has been made smaller by the speaker, putting his tongue to the front of the oral cavity and high up in the oral cavity
-the mass of the tongue occupies most of the oral cavity that leaves a small amount of air to vibrate
116
Vowel /i/ has a high _1_ and _2_ and low _3_
* high F3 and F3
| * Low F1
117
What is the primary muscle responsible for he tongue forming the shape, up and forward creating the sound /i/?
What nerve innervates this muscle?
Genioglossal
innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (XII)
118
Name 3 ways of visually displaying sound.
1. Line spectrum
2. wave form
3. spectrogram
119
What does a spectrogram do?
Displays speech
-frequency shown on the ordinate (Y axis ^) time on the abscissa (x axis )
120
What are some differences between spectrograms and output spectrums ?
1. Time is represented in spectrograms but is not shown in output or line spectrums
2. spectrograms dont show any information about individual harmonics
121
For /a/ the oral cavity is _1_ and the pharyngeal cavity is _2_ than for /i/, so there is a _3_ F_4_.
1. Larger
2. Smaller
3. higher F1
122
For /a/ we enlarge the oral cavity in what 2 ways?
1. lower the tongue by lowering the jaw
| 2. actively lowering the tongue
123
Name 2 muscles involved in creating the /a/ sound.
1. Anterior belly of the digastric muscle innervated by the trigeminal nerve (V)
2. Hyoglossus muscle innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (XII)
124
What muscle controls the jaw when creating the /a/ sound?
what is this muscles innervation?
Anterior belly of the digastric muscle innervated by the trigeminal nerve (V)
125
When creating the sound /a/ what muscle acts to depress the tongue and enlarge the oral cavity?
What nerve innervates this muscle?
Hyoglossus innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (XII)
126
What muscles are involved in creating the /u/ sound?
1. styloglossus muscle innvervated by the hypoglossal nerve (XII)
2. Obicularis oris muscle innervated by the facial nerve (VII)
127
When creating the sound /u/, what muscle is used to elevate the tongue near the roof of the mouth where the hard and soft palate join?
What is this muscle innervated by?
Styloglossus innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (XII)
128
When creating the /u/ sound, what muscle is resonsible for rounding and protruding the lips?
What is this muscle innervated by?
obicularis oris muscle innervated by the facial nerve (VII)
129
When we round and protrude the lips this elongates the _1_ cavity. This results in _2_ of all formant frequencies.
*true of /u/ sound
1. oral cavity
| 2. lowering all formants frequencies
130
The exact formant or resonate frequencies depend on the individual people in what 3 ways?
*Variable formants depend on...
1. The size of their overall vocal tracts
2. the size of different parts of individual vocal tracts, tongues, lips, throat,
2. People articulate slightly differently, due to their dialects and habits of speaking
131
Name the components represented on the vowel quadrilateral.
1. Tongue height (high to low)
2. Tongue Advancement (Back to front)
3. Pharynx open (wide or narrow)
4. Oral Cavity (short or long)
132
What is the name of the diagram that depicts a schematic representation of vowel placement in the mouth?
vowel quadrilateral
133
The vowel quadrilateral represents the areas in the oral cavity where _____ is made.
Constriction
134
1. What is a lax vowel?
| 2. where do you find these vowels?
1. less extreme tongue positions and shorter duration
| 2. found in closed syllables such as sit, set, sat
135
1. What is a tense vowel?
| 2. where do you find these vowels?
1. Vowels with the most extreme tongue positions and the longest duration
2. found in open syllables such as see, say, so, sue
136
What 2 categories are tense vowels divided into?
1. Whether or not the vocal tract stays constant though out the vowels production
2. if it changes some what to make a diphthong
137
What is a diphthong?
Name english diphthongs.
Diphthongs are vowels that have changes in resonance. They are tense vowels that have changing vocal tract dugong production.
/ au / as in "how'
/ ou / as in "Joe"
- Diphthongs ending in / u / involve tongue movement back and up
/ ai / as in "like"
/ oi / as in "toy"
/ ei / as in "train"
-Diphthongs ending in /i/ involve the tongue moving forward and up
138
The Diphthongs that end in /i/ involve the tongue moving ______.
involve the tongue moving forward and up
139
The Diphthongs that end in /u/ involve the tongue moving ______.
involve tongue movement back and up
140
People with hearing losses have trouble perceiving and producing ____ and _____.
Vowels and diphthongs
