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CPT Phlebotomy chapter 5-6 > Exam 3 chapter 5-6 > Flashcards

Exam 3 chapter 5-6 Flashcards

1
Q

Body systems/ organ systems

A

formed when organs join with other organs or structures to carry out vital body functions.

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2
Q

How many body systems are there?

A

12
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Lymphatic
Immune
Respiratory
Digestive
Nervous
Endocrine
Skeletal
Cardiovascular
Urinary
Male and female reproductive systems

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3
Q

Integumentary system

A

Encloses and protects all of the other body systems
Provides protection, regulated temperature, and prevent water loss.

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4
Q

Parts of the integumentary system

A

Skin
Hair
Nails
Sebaceous glands (oil)
Sudoriferous glands (sweat)

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5
Q

Skeletal system

A

Provides the body with protection and support
Produces blood cells and stores minerals, fat, and calcium

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6
Q

Parts of the skeletal system

A

Bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints

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7
Q

Muscular system

A

Produces movements, produces body heat, and helps maintain posture

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8
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Works with the immune system
Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph.

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9
Q

Parts of the lymphatic system

A

Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Glands
Tonsils
Thymus
Spleen

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10
Q

Immune system

A

Responsible for protecting the body against bacteria, viruses, fungi, toxins, parasites, and cancer

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11
Q

How does the immune system provide protection

A

By circulating white blood cells and antibodies throughout the body

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12
Q

Respiratory system

A

Provides oxygen to body cells and removes carbon dioxide

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13
Q

Respiration

A

Process of taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide

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14
Q

Internal respiration (inhaling)

A

Gas exchange between the blood and the body cells

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15
Q

External respiration (exhaling)

A

Exchange of air between the lungs and the outside environment

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16
Q

Digestive system

A

Responsible for the intake and digestion of food, the absorption of nutrients, and the removal of solid waste.

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17
Q

Alimentary canal organs

A

Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus

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18
Q

Accessory organs

A

Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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19
Q

Nervous system

A

Responsible for conscious actions and unconscious actions

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20
Q

Two major divisions of the nervous system

A

CNS
PNS

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21
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Consists of the cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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23
Q

How does the nervous system function?

A

By transmitting electrical impulses

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24
Q

Endocrine system

A

Controls the functions of organs and tissues at a cellular level

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25
Q

Parts of the endocrine system

A

Glands that secrete various hormones
Organs of the body that secrete hormones directly into body fluids including the blood

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26
Q

How does the endocrine system function

A

Controls the body over time using hormones

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27
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals secretes by a cell that affect the functions of other cells

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28
Q

Cardiovascular system (Circulatory system)

A

Responsible for sending blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and to the digestive system to collect nutrients and then for delivering the oxygen and nutrients throughout the body

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29
Q

Parts of the cardiovascular system

A

Heart
Blood vessels

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30
Q

Urinary system

A

Responsible for removing metabolic waste from the blood
Maintaining proper balance of water, salts, and acids in the body fluids
Removing excess fluids from the body

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31
Q

Parts of the urinary system

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

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32
Q

Female reproductive system

A

Produces oocytes that develop into female sex cells (ova)
Site of fertilization and fetal development
Produces milk for the newborn
Influence sexual function and behaviors

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33
Q

Parts of the female reproductive system

A

Ovaries
Vagina
Uterus
Mammary glands
Associated structures

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34
Q

Male reproductive system

A

Produces and transports sperm
Generates hormones that influence sexual functions and behavior

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35
Q

Parts of the male reproductive system

A

Testes
Accessory structures
Ducts
Penis

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36
Q

Average amount of blood in adult

A

8 to 12 pints

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37
Q

What is the same as a pint

A

A unit of blood

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38
Q

What is the usual amount of blood transferred to a patient when needed

A

A unit of blood

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39
Q

What must a phlebotomist have an understanding of

A

Circulation, composition, and function of blood
How the closed circuit of blood vessels transport blood
Location of blood vessels

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40
Q

Large arteries of the heart that carry blood throughout the body

A

Aorta
Pulmonary

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41
Q

Coronary circulation

A

Supplies blood to the heart

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42
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Place of gas exchange
Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the heart through the right atrium and takes blood to the lungs where gas exchange occurs and oxygenated blood is pumped back into the heart

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43
Q

Systematic circulation

A

Responsible for delivering nutrient rich oxygenated blood to all other parts of the body

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44
Q

What are the three main blood vessels

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

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45
Q

Arteries

A

Vessels that transport blood away from the heart

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46
Q

What are arteries considered

A

Efferent vessels because they carry blood away from the heart

47
Q

Capillaries

A

vessels that form a link between the arterioles and the venules where all gas exchange occurs

48
Q

Veins

A

Carrie’s blood toward the heart
Afferent vessels

49
Q

What is a hematoma

A

Occurs when blood collects under the skin forming a black and blue mass

50
Q

Why do hematomas occur from venipuncture

A

Inserting needle through a vein or artery
Fragile veins can leak or break

51
Q

How to prevent arterial puncture

A

Do not select a vein that lies over or close to an artery

52
Q

What to do if an accidental arterial puncture occurs

A

Stop the bleeding
Immediately notify a nurse or supervisor

53
Q

Cephalic vein

A

Second choice for venipuncture
Tends to roll, harder to stabilize
Large but not easy to see Harder to feel
Lateral to the median cubital vein
Can roll
A little more painful for patient

53
Q

Antecubital fossa

A

Most preferred region for venipuncture
Located at the middle of the arm in front of the elbow

53
Q

Median cubital vein

A

Middle of the forearm
Large
Close to the surface
Less prone to injury
Best vein for venipuncture
Hurts the patient least
Least likely to roll

54
Q

Basilic vein

A

Last choice
Large
Medial to the median cubital vein
Easier to palpate than cephalic
Not anchored well, easily roll
Close to median nerves high risk of nerve damage
Close to brachial artery
Can’t adjust needle when in site
Very painful to patient

55
Q

Avoiding Nerve Injury

A

Avoid probing around at the site Must use correct technique after properly selecting the vein
Accidental puncture of the median nerve can result in temporary or permanent loss of function in that arm
Could open self to lawsuit for act of negligence

56
Q

What can affect the supply of hemoglobin

A

Excessive blood loss
Destruction of red blood cells
Decreased blood cell formation

57
Q

Anemia

A

Abnormally low hemoglobin level and/ or decrease in the number of red blood cells

58
Q

Symptoms of anemia

A

Weakness
Headache
Difficulty breathing
Pale skin color

59
Q

Some conditions that can cause a decrease in hemoglobin and/or RBC numbers

A

Sickle cell anemia
Hemophilia (free bleeder- easily bleeds)
Some forms of cancer
Dietary deficiency of iron, folate, and B12

60
Q

Bilirubin

A

Produced during the break down of red blood cells is processed by the liver, deposited in the intestines, then eliminated
Normally low levels of bilirubin are present in the blood due to the normal cell cycle of RBC’s.

61
Q

What could cause jaundice

A

Hemolysis of RBC’s prematurely in the bloodstream leading to higher levels of bilirubin in the blood

62
Q

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

A

Smallest of all the cellular components
1 to 4 micrometers across their diameter
Do not contain a nucleus and are not complete cells
Fragments of megakaryocytes found in bone marrow

63
Q

Function of platelets

A

Play an important role in preventing blood loss
First component to arrive at the site of an injury
Stick to the injury site forming a plug which slows or stops bleeding

64
Q

What to platelets secrete which causes blood vessels to narrow and decrease blood loss until clot forms

A

Serotonin

65
Q

Where are platelets formed and how are they removed

A

Formed in the bone marrow and old platelets are trapped and removed by the spleen

66
Q

Liquid component of blood (Plasma)

A

Pale yellow fluid that contains: water, nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, proteins, fibrinogen, globulins, albumin, waste, and protective substances

67
Q

Plasma

A

Plasma is the liquid portion of unclotted blood
When tested requires tube with an anticoagulant
Fibrinogen is present
Tested immediately after processing by centrifugation

68
Q

Serum

A

Serum is the liquid portion of clotted blood. When tested tubes without anticoagulants are used
Clots with in 10 to 30 minutes
Fibrinogen is absent
Must be kept upright to coagulate the centrifuged before testing

69
Q

How is a clot formed

A

When fibrinogen converts into fibrin and traps the formed elements of the blood

70
Q

Coagulation

A

When a clot forms some clotting factors are depleted and the fluid that remains is known as serum

71
Q

Centrifugation

A

Spinning of test tubes at high speed around a central axis

72
Q

What does a centrifuge do

A

Separates blood by spinning at at high speed

73
Q

Hemostasis

A

Blood at rest
Hemo- blood
Stasis- stopping

74
Q

What are the main two clotting factors in blood

A

Thrombin
Fibrin

75
Q

Thrombin

A

Enzyme used to convert the plasma protein fibrinogen into fibrin

76
Q

Fibrin

A

Strong and elastic protein
Threadlike composition forms a mesh like sac that adheres to the injury site form a clot by trapping platelets, blood cells, and other particles

77
Q

What information has to be on requisition form before procedure can be done

A

Patients full name
Date of birth
Sex
Specific identification numbers (medical record number pr social security number)

78
Q

When do you label tubes?

A

Immediately after collection before patient leaves or before you leave the patients bedside

79
Q

Four types of consent

A

Informed
Expressed
Implied
Consent for minors

80
Q

Informed consent

A

Patient fully understands all aspects of procedure and gives consent usually in high risk, invasive and surgical procedures and done before procedure is perform covers consent for any unforeseen circumstances

81
Q

Expressed consent

A

Patient give a consent written or orally

82
Q

Implied consent

A

Most common for phlebotomy
Patient’s actions indicate them giving consent (holding arm out for blood draw)

83
Q

Consent for minors

A

17 years or younger need parental consent for procedure with some special circumstances stances (military, emancipation, married, or otherwise self-efficient)
Patients 18 and over have right to privacy if requested

84
Q

If patient refuses procedure

A

Make sure to document any refusals in patients chart

85
Q

Common pretesting preparations

A

Fasting
Medications
Basal State

86
Q

Fasting

A

Nothing to eat or drink other than water 8 to 12 hours before blood collection

87
Q

Medications

A

Verify if patient has taken medicine or if they have followed medication intake doctor specified before a blood draw
Could change date and time of appointment if not followed correctly

88
Q

Basal State

A

No eating, drinking, or exercise for 8-12 hours before blood draw

89
Q

What to ask patient before blood draw

A

Allergies especially latex
If the feel faint or if the have fainted during blood draw or seeing blood
If feeling faint or do faint stop procedure and take out needle get help don’t leave patient alone

90
Q

Possible complications of venipuncture

A

Excessive bleeding or bruising
Severe pain or lack of sensation
Infection

91
Q

Infants younger than 12 months

A

Stick the sides of the heel of the foot

92
Q

Adults

A

Use sides of middle and ring finger

93
Q

Other sites for venipuncture

A

Hands
Ankle
Foot

94
Q

Hands

A

Dorsal side of hand
Second choice
Smaller more painful
Butterfly needle

95
Q

Ankle and Foot

A

Have to have physician’s order before doing stick
Difficult to access
Prone to injury
Have to let lab know because lab values can be affected

96
Q

Veins to avoid

A

Sclerotic
Tortuous (varicose)
Thrombotic
Fragile
Phlebitic

97
Q

Sclerotic veins

A

Hard
Inflexible
Narrow

98
Q

Tortuous veins (varicose)

A

Twisted
Dilated
Lack elasticity
Very thin
Prone to bleeding
Common in elderly

99
Q

Thrombotic veins

A

Blood clot present
Feels hard
Inflexible
Tender to the touch

100
Q

Fragile veins

A

Quite thin
Weak
Difficult to puncture
When palpated they collapse easily and don’t refill as quickly
Common in elderly, newborns and pediatric patients

101
Q

Phlebitic veins

A

Veins that are tender and warm with a red area around them

102
Q

common non blood specimen collection

A

Urine
Stool
Sputum
Semen

103
Q

Types of urine collection

A

Random
Fasting (first morning)
Clean catch (midstream)
Timed
Reagent

104
Q

Random urine specimen

A

Can be collected any time of day

105
Q

Fasting (first morning) urine specimen

A

First urine when patient wakes up
8-12 hours fasting
Can have water

106
Q

clean catch urine specimen(midstream)

A

Wipe/ cleanse area
Urinate into toilet first then urinate into cup
Wipe

107
Q

Timed urine specimen

A

Collected with provided container and held on ice or refrigerated for 24 hours
Don’t use first morning urine collect every other urine for 24 hours afterwards

108
Q

Urine reagent testing

A

Uses test strips to test for different things

109
Q

What is tested with urine reagent testing

A

pH- bacteria
White blood cells and nitrites: infection
Specific gravity- dehydration
Hemoglobin- red blood cells, bleeding, infection, cancer, kidney disease, chemical poisoning
Ketones- fat metabolism
Bilirubin- liver disease, RBC destruction
Protein: inflammation, kidney disease, chemical poisoning
Glucose- diabetes
Drug screens

110
Q

Stool sample

A

Tests for Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT)- testing for blood in stool
Has to be refrigerated

111
Q

Septum sample

A

First thing in the morning before eating, drinking, or brushing teeth
Mucus has to come from lungs

112
Q

Semen sample

A

Fertility testing
Effectiveness of vasectomy
Criminal investigation
Has to be in lab 1 hour after collection
Can’t be in extreme heat or cold temperatures

CPT Phlebotomy chapter 5-6 (1 decks)

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