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Psychology 100 > Exam #3: Chapter 8, 9, 10, 11, 14 > Flashcards

Exam #3: Chapter 8, 9, 10, 11, 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Cognition

A

mental process associated with thinking

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2
Q

Concepts

A

mental groupings of similar objects, ideas, or people

  • it simplifies thinking
  • prototypes(ideal, perfect model of something)
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3
Q

Trial and error

A

trying possible solutions/ discarding those in error until 1 works

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4
Q

Algorithms, what is weakness?

A

step by step procedures that guarantee an outcome, when few possible solutions to be tried
-very limited to situation designed for

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5
Q

Heuristics

A

simpler, flexible thinking strategies: “Rule of Thumb” used to solve very vague, narrow problem space

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6
Q

Insight

A

Aha moment, suddenly discover correct solution to problem. Frontal lobe followed by right temporal activation
“Instantaneous thoughts”

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7
Q

What are the 4 strategies to facilitate thinking?

A

Trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, insights

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8
Q

Name the 6 potential errors in judgement

A

Conformational bias, mental set, intuition, available heuristic, belief perseverance, framing

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9
Q

Introspection

A

Analysis of one’s own conscious experience

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10
Q

Language is a fundamental role in human behavior

A

Human language is hierarchical structure

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11
Q

phonemes

A

smallest speech units can be distinguished

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12
Q

morphemes

A

smallest units of meaning in language

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13
Q

semantics

A

understanding meanings of words and word combinations

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14
Q

conformational bias

A

only seek information that is likely to support one’s decisions and beliefs

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15
Q

mental set

A

use problem solving strategies that’ve worked in past

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16
Q

Intuition

A

follow gut

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17
Q

Available heuristic(schemas of ideas/ strategies estimated)

A

basing probability of event on ease

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18
Q

Overconfidence

A

confident in abilities

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19
Q

Belief perserverance

A

cling to belief even after getting info that contradicts belief

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20
Q

Framing

A

refers to how decision issues are posed/choices are structured. Decision shaped by language or context

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21
Q

In what ways do animals engage in thinking?

A

cognition, counting, sorting, tool usage

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22
Q

When do babies learn phonemes(sounds), crying and cooing

A

At 1-3 months

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23
Q

What happens at 4-8 months for baby?

A

Babbling, learning morphemes(words)

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24
Q

When do babies babble, related to words?

A

10 months

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25
Q

One word stage

A

12 months

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26
Q

Two word stage, forming sentences

A

24 months

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27
Q

What occurs at 2+ years?

A

more complex sentences

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28
Q

Aphasia

A

Language impairment due to brain damage, usually

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29
Q

Broca’s area, what happens when lesion on area?

A

Frontal lobe, speech production. Lesion: understand language, can’t produce it. Not fluent

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30
Q

Wernicke’s area, what happens when lesion on area?

A

Region of brain that has meaning w/ words, comprehension. Lesion: superficially fluent, grammatical speech but an inability to use or understand more than the most basic nouns and verbs.

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31
Q

Arcuate fasciculus

A

neural pathway between Broca’s and Wernicke’s area

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32
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

Lesion on pathway. Have symptoms of both Broca’s and Wernicke’s when have lesion.

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33
Q

What are the three parts of IQ test

A

Verbal, practical, social intelligence

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34
Q

systematic, bell shaped curve represents pattern many characteristics are dispersed in population

A

Normal distribution curve

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35
Q

When does mental retardation occur

A

Lowest 2% and upper 2% of IQ range. Upper is gifted

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36
Q

What can cause mental retardation

A

FAS (Fetal alcohol syndrome)

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37
Q

How is IQ affected as we age

A

everything gets slower

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38
Q

Does heredity and environment influence intelligence? If so, how?

A

Yes, identical twins are closer related in intelligence than fraternal twins

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39
Q

Is intelligence hereditary?

A

Yes, it increases with age

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40
Q

Creativity

A

generation of ideas that are original and useful

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41
Q

Divergent thinking

A

expand range of alternatives by making many possible solutions

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42
Q

Convergent thinking

A

narrow list to find single correct answer

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43
Q

Intelligence

A

mental capacity to acquire knowledge, reason, and solve problems effectively

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44
Q

mental age

A

average age at which normal individuals achieve a particular score

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45
Q

Chronological age

A

person’s age in years (what look like, age)

46
Q

Development psychology

A

investigates physical, cognitive, and social development across lifespan

47
Q

What is the difference between continuity vs stages

A

psychologists look at continual development. Biologist-stages

48
Q

Describe the difference between stability vs change

A

Stability is: IQ, personality traits. Change: age, way we interact with people

49
Q

What are the 3 stages of development in mother’s womb

A

1) Germinal stage, 2) embryonic stage, 3) Fetal stage

50
Q

Describe the germinal stage

A

2 week period, formulation of placenta

51
Q

Describe the embryonic stage

A

End of germinal stage-2 months after conception, major organs form, very fragile.

52
Q

Describe fetal stage

A

2 months after conception-birth. Bones and muscles form, brain increases.

53
Q

What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

A

Teratogens in babies body. It can cause hyper activeness, learning deficients, down syndrome.

54
Q

Describe process of visual habituation of learning in newborns from Karen Wynn experiment

A

Shown sequence of events in which one object is added to another behind a screen, expect to see two when removed, surprised-looking longer when expectation not met. understand 1+1=2

55
Q

Maturation

A

development reflects gradual unfolding of genetic blueprint

56
Q

Declarative memory

A

memories that can be consciously recalled: facts and verbal knowledge

57
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

often do not recall events prior to 3+ years of age

58
Q

Define phases of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

A

1) sensorimotor period(birth to age 2), preoperational period( age 2-7), concrete operational period (age 7-11) formal operational period ( age 11-death)

59
Q

Sensorimotor period

A

(birth-2 years) Expierence world via senses

Lack object permanence-motor development

60
Q

Preoperational thinking

A

(2-7 years) Learn language but not topic, everything focus on them, conservation

61
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

(7-11) Development of logic, understands conservation

62
Q

Formal operational stage (11-adult)

A

understand if then situations

63
Q

Describe attachment in infants

A

based on comfort and not nourishment (Harlow and money)

64
Q

What happened in Harlow’s experiment

A

Two artificial mothers. One “contact comfort” and other wire. Both fed. Monkeys were scared, went to cloth mother even if not fed by it.

65
Q

Describe adolescence

A

puberty, sexual charateristics forming, pre frontal cortex(impulse control) not formed

66
Q

What happens to the hippocampus during Alzheimers

A

destroy hippocampus

67
Q

What is Beta Amyloid plaques during Alzheimers?

A

cells are dying and can’t clear them out, impairments in declarative memory

68
Q

Motivation

A

goal directed behavior, “need” or “drive” directs behavior

69
Q

What are the four different viewpoints for motivation (I, DRT, AT, HON)?

A

Instinct, drive reduction theory, arousal theory, hierarchy of needs

70
Q

Describe instinct theory

A

goal directed patterns of behavior that isn’t learned , poor job of explaining motivation because can’t be readily observed

71
Q

Fixed action pattern

A

instinctive behavioral response triggered by specific stimulus. It can’t be stopped, must be fully completed. Ex. yawning.

72
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

internal state of tension motivates organism to engage in goal directed behavior, applies homeostatic model to motivation. seek to reduce unpleasant states of tension

73
Q

Incentive theory

A

emphasize how external goals energize behavior (pull people in certain directions-outside)

74
Q

Idea of homeostasis in drive reduction theory

A

maintenance of steady internal state

75
Q

Optimum arousal. What does behavior do with this?

A

people are drive to perform actions in order to maintain an optimum level or physiological arousal, some behaviors increase need and we engage in behavior w/ no immediate need existing. Behavior is designed to seek optimum level of arousal

76
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Name them in order (PSLES)

A

people need to meet all aspects of row before moving upward. 1) Physiological: hunger, thirst, sex. 2) safety: feel secure 3) love/belonging: be accepted 4) esteem: achieve and gain approval 5) self-actualization: achieve unique potential

77
Q

Cholecystokinin(CCK)

A

hormone released by duodenum, goes to brain, shuts off ongoing feeding

78
Q

Difference between lateral and medial hypothalamus? What do lesions do?

A

Lateral: turning on eating, lesions, aphagia: stop eating, Medial: not eating, lesion: hyperphagia: animals eat

79
Q

4 stages in human sexual cycle, describe them (EPORP)

A

Excitement phase: arousal, erection. Plateau: arousal rises at slower pace, pre-cum, orgasm: reaches peak, ejaculation, resolution: refractory period in men, unresponsive to further stimulation

80
Q

Are men and women aroused by different erotica, is different parts of brain activated?

A

Yes, but in orgasm, same areas of brain are activated

81
Q

What happens when more dopamine is released by the medial preoptic area

A

more likely man has sex

82
Q

What happens are low levels of dopamine what does the neurotransmitter combine with?

A

Combines with D1 and D5 receptors, increases erection in males, sexual response in females

83
Q

What happens at high level of dopamine?

A

Combines with D2 receptor, produce orgasm

84
Q

Achievement motivation

A

need to meet realistic goals, receive feedback and experience as accomplishment

85
Q

task leadership

A

goal orientated leadership, sets standards. move as unit toward common goals

86
Q

Social leadership

A

group-orientated leadership that builds teamwork, creates high performing teams

87
Q

Difference between intrinsic vs extrinsic in motivation?

A

Instrinsic is desire to engage in activity for own sake than reward, extrinsic: engage in activity for a reward

88
Q

What happens during over justificiation

A

external reward produced and lowers person’s internal motivation to perform a task

89
Q

stress

A

process of responding to threatening or challenging event

90
Q

Yerkes-dodson equation

A

Short term stress: positive or negative effects, long term: bad on health. remember curve

91
Q

Describe adrenaline (epinephrine)

A

fight of flight hormone, increase in heartrate, more energy, focused attention

92
Q

Norepinephrine hormone

A

Shift blood flow from skin to muscles, assist in flight or fight response

93
Q

Cortisol stress hormone

A

maintain fluid balance and blood pressure

94
Q

What are the four stages of emotion? (PA,CI, SF, BE)

A

1) physiological arousal, 2) cognitive interpretation, 3) subjective feelings, 4) behavioral expression

95
Q

Describe physiological arousal(bodily response)

A

regulates and manages functions of the body such as preparing for “fight or flight.” Alarm broadcast simultaneously throughout the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system, It results in a visceral response that includes your beating heart.

96
Q

Describe cognitive interpretation

A

interpretation of events and feelings, involves conscious recognition and interpretation of the situation. process and evaluate objects and events that occur inside and outside the ‘Self.’ This process consists of using the 5 senses,

97
Q

subjective feelings

A

brain senses the body’s current state of of arousal, or memories of the body’s state in similar situations in the past. on perception and are individual to each person.

98
Q

Fast response system

A

system for Emotions in the unconscious

99
Q

Behavioral expression

A

shouting, dancing, fight or flight, vocalizations, crying as a reaction to an event or news.

100
Q

Implicit Memory

A

linked to fast-response system, is an early defense that produces fright response.

101
Q

Interaction of both conscious and unconscious emotions

A

can produce intuition, or the knot in your stomach before a speech. unconscious feelings can well up into consciousness from the unconscious system.

102
Q

What is the limbic system’s role in emotion?

A

Both pathways rely on circuits in the limbic systems.

103
Q

What is the Cerebral Cortex’s Role in emotion?

A

interprets events and associates them with memories and feelings, it helps us make decisions by attaching emotional values to alternative choices.

104
Q

JAMES-LANGE THEORY

A

Emotion-provoking stimulus produces a physical response that, in turn, produces an emotion, fast at reading emotions, does not address psychology of emotion

105
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

emotional feeling and internal physiological response occur at the same time, it takes time

106
Q

TWO-FACTOR THEORY

A

emotion results from the cognitive appraisal of both physical arousal, and an emotion provoking stimulus.

107
Q

Symptoms of lying

A

dilated pupils, low blinking, repeated stories etc

108
Q

2 stages of emotion are?

A

Happiness and Anger

109
Q

Health Psychology

A

How Psychosocial factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of health and with the causation, prevention, and treatment of illness.

110
Q

Type A Personality

A

Personality with 3 Elements: (1) A Strong Competitive Orientation. (2) Impatience and Time Urgency. (3) Anger and Hostility.

111
Q

Type B Personality

A

Relatively Relaxed, Patient, Easygoing, Amicable Behavior.

112
Q

Fight-or-Flight Response

A

– A Physiological Reaction to a Threat in which the Autonomic Nervous System Mobilizes the Organism for attacking (Fight) or Fleeing (Flight) the Enemy.

Psychology 100 (1 decks)

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