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PSYC 3401 (Research Methods) > Exam 3 (Chapters 4-7) > Flashcards

Exam 3 (Chapters 4-7) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of observational methods?

A

Naturalistic, systematic, case studies, and archival research.

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2
Q

What are the two issues of naturalistic observations?

A

Concealing your presence; participant/non-participant.

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3
Q

What is reactivity?

A

The possibility that the presence of the observer influences the behavior.

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4
Q

What are the four questions not to ask when taking a survey?

A

Loaded questions, double-barreled questions, negatively-worded questions, jargon questions.

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5
Q

What are the benefits of questionnares?

A

Response rate is higher, problems can be clarified.

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6
Q

What are the three probability sampling techniques?

A

Simple random, stratified random, and cluster sampling.

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7
Q

What is simple random sampling technique?

A

Every member of the population has an EQUAL chance of being chosen.

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8
Q

What is a stratified random technique?

A

Population is divided into subgroups, then random samples are taken from each subgroup.

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9
Q

What is clustered sampling technique?

A

Researcher identifies clusters of samples then performs random assignment on a group basis.

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10
Q

What are the three non-probability sampling techniques?

A

Convenience, purposive, quota.

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11
Q

What is convenience sampling?

A

Based on availability with no regard for representation.

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12
Q

What is purposive sampling?

A

Sampling people who meet certain pre-determined criteria.

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13
Q

What is quota sampling?

A

Uses convenience to obtain a numerical composition of various subgroups of the population.

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14
Q

What are the three limitations of correctional methods?

A

Directionality problem, third variable, correlation =/= causation.

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15
Q

What is meta analysis?

A

Procedure in which previous research findings on a topic are analyzed and summarized.

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16
Q

What are the three issues with meta analysis?

A

Must identify all relevant variables, often only significant results are published, different studies use different methodologies and provide different data.

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17
Q

What is quasi-experimental research?

A

Research similar to experimental, but it lacks control groups and/or random assignment.

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18
Q

What are the five types of quasi-experimental designs?

A
  • One Group Posttest
  • One Group Pretest-Posttest
  • Nonequivalent Control Group
  • Nonequivalent Control Group Pretest-Posttest Design
  • Proposing Score Matching (PSM) of Nonequivalent Treatment and Control Groups.
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19
Q

What is testing effect?

A

Any change due to taking a pretest.

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20
Q

What are the alternative explanations when using a pretest-posttest design?

A

History, instrument decay, maturation, regression to the mean.

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21
Q

How is quasi-experimental research different from a true experiment?

A

It lacks control group and/or random assignment.

22
Q

What is a between-subjects design?

A

Each participant receives only ONE level of the independent variable/one group/one condition.

23
Q

What are the advantages of between-subject designs?

A

Easier to understand/conduct, no problems with carryover effects.

24
Q

What are the disadvantages of between-subject designs?

A

Needs a separate control group, requires a large # of participants, individual differences can have a huge impact.

25
Q

What factors lead to unequal groups?

A

Assignment bias, differential attrition, diffusion of treatment, compensatory equalization.

26
Q

What is assignment bias?

A

Any bias in the way participants are assigned to groups.

27
Q

What is diffusion of attrition?

A

Participant dropout.

28
Q

What is diffusion of treatment?

A

Participants discuss the study w/ each other.

29
Q

What is compensatory equalization?

A

Untreated group learns about the treatment the experimental group is receiving and demands equal treatment.

30
Q

What is within-subject design?

A

Participants receive ALL levels of the independent variable.

31
Q

What is the most common within-subject design?

A

Single-group pretest-posttest.

32
Q

What are the advantages of within-subject design?

A
  • Each subject serves as their own control.
  • Minimizes differences between conditions.
  • Fewer subjects are needed.
  • Has greater statistical power.
33
Q

What are the disadvantages of within-subject design?

A
  • Not always a possible research design.
  • Requires more time from each participant.
  • Subject attrition.
  • History effect.
  • Instrumentation.
  • Regression towards the mean.
  • Carryover effects.
34
Q

What are the benefits of interviews?

A

Response rate is higher, problems can be clarified.

35
Q

What is a response set?

A

Tendency to respond to all questions from a particular perspective.

36
Q

What are the three types of response set?

A

Yay-saying, nay-saying, social desirability.

37
Q

What is the yay-saying response set?

A

Tendency to agree.

38
Q

What is the nay-saying response set?

A

Tendency to disagree.

39
Q

What is the social desirability response set?

A

Tendency to reply in a socially desirable way.

40
Q

What is counterbalancing?

A

Altering the order of the treatments.

41
Q

What are the two types of counterbalancing?

A

Subject-by-subject, across-subject.

42
Q

What is subject-by-subject counterbalancing?

A

Counterbalancing w/ treatment orders.

43
Q

What is across-subject counterbalancing?

A

Counterbalancing w/ one treatment order.

44
Q

What are the two types of subject-by-subject counterbalancing?

A

Reverse counterbalancing, block randomization.

45
Q

What are the two types of across-subject counterbalancing?

A

Latin square counterbalancing, balanced Latin square counterbalancing.

46
Q

What happens in reverse counterbalancing?

A

Participants receive different treatment in one order, then again backwards.

Ex: AB/BA; ABC/CBA

47
Q

What happens in block randomization?

A

Each subject is given blocks of trials w/ several orders.

Ex: ABC; ACB; BAC; CAB; BCA

48
Q

What is the most common form of counterbalancing?

A

Latin-square.

49
Q

What happens in balanced latin-square counterbalancing?

A

Each treatment occurs equally in treatment positions and each treatment precedes and follows every other treatment an equal # of times.

50
Q

What happens in latin-square counterbalancing?

A

Researchers ensure that each treatment occurs equally.

(Shift/sudoku technique)

51
Q
A

PSYC 3401 (Research Methods) (6 decks)

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