Exam 3 (Chapters 4-7)

Question 1

What are the 4 types of observational methods?

Answer 1

Naturalistic, systematic, case studies, and archival research.

Question 2

What are the two issues of naturalistic observations?

Answer 2

Concealing your presence; participant/non-participant.

Question 3

What is reactivity?

Answer 3

The possibility that the presence of the observer influences the behavior.

Question 4

What are the four questions not to ask when taking a survey?

Answer 4

Loaded questions, double-barreled questions, negatively-worded questions, jargon questions.

Question 5

What are the benefits of questionnares?

Answer 5

Response rate is higher, problems can be clarified.

Question 6

What are the three probability sampling techniques?

Answer 6

Simple random, stratified random, and cluster sampling.

Question 7

What is simple random sampling technique?

Answer 7

Every member of the population has an EQUAL chance of being chosen.

Question 8

What is a stratified random technique?

Answer 8

Population is divided into subgroups, then random samples are taken from each subgroup.

Question 9

What is clustered sampling technique?

Answer 9

Researcher identifies clusters of samples then performs random assignment on a group basis.

Question 10

What are the three non-probability sampling techniques?

Answer 10

Convenience, purposive, quota.

Question 11

What is convenience sampling?

Answer 11

Based on availability with no regard for representation.

Question 12

What is purposive sampling?

Answer 12

Sampling people who meet certain pre-determined criteria.

Question 13

What is quota sampling?

Answer 13

Uses convenience to obtain a numerical composition of various subgroups of the population.

Question 14

What are the three limitations of correctional methods?

Answer 14

Directionality problem, third variable, correlation =/= causation.

Question 15

What is meta analysis?

Answer 15

Procedure in which previous research findings on a topic are analyzed and summarized.

Question 16

What are the three issues with meta analysis?

Answer 16

Must identify all relevant variables, often only significant results are published, different studies use different methodologies and provide different data.

Question 17

What is quasi-experimental research?

Answer 17

Research similar to experimental, but it lacks control groups and/or random assignment.

Question 18

What are the five types of quasi-experimental designs?

Answer 18

• One Group Posttest
• One Group Pretest-Posttest
• Nonequivalent Control Group
• Nonequivalent Control Group Pretest-Posttest Design
• Proposing Score Matching (PSM) of Nonequivalent Treatment and Control Groups.

Question 19

What is testing effect?

Answer 19

Any change due to taking a pretest.

Question 20

What are the alternative explanations when using a pretest-posttest design?

Answer 20

History, instrument decay, maturation, regression to the mean.

Question 21

How is quasi-experimental research different from a true experiment?

Answer 21

It lacks control group and/or random assignment.

Question 22

What is a between-subjects design?

Answer 22

Each participant receives only ONE level of the independent variable/one group/one condition.

Question 23

What are the advantages of between-subject designs?

Answer 23

Easier to understand/conduct, no problems with carryover effects.

Question 24

What are the disadvantages of between-subject designs?

Answer 24

Needs a separate control group, requires a large # of participants, individual differences can have a huge impact.

Question 25

What factors lead to unequal groups?

Answer 25

Assignment bias, differential attrition, diffusion of treatment, compensatory equalization.

Question 26

What is assignment bias?

Answer 26

Any bias in the way participants are assigned to groups.

Question 27

What is diffusion of attrition?

Answer 27

Participant dropout.

Question 28

What is diffusion of treatment?

Answer 28

Participants discuss the study w/ each other.

Question 29

What is compensatory equalization?

Answer 29

Untreated group learns about the treatment the experimental group is receiving and demands equal treatment.

Question 30

What is within-subject design?

Answer 30

Participants receive ALL levels of the independent variable.

Question 31

What is the most common within-subject design?

Answer 31

Single-group pretest-posttest.

Question 32

What are the advantages of within-subject design?

Answer 32

- Each subject serves as their own control. - Minimizes differences between conditions. - Fewer subjects are needed. - Has greater statistical power.

Question 33

What are the disadvantages of within-subject design?

Answer 33

- Not always a possible research design. - Requires more time from each participant. - Subject attrition. - History effect. - Instrumentation. - Regression towards the mean. - Carryover effects.

Question 34

What are the benefits of interviews?

Answer 34

Response rate is higher, problems can be clarified.

Question 35

What is a response set?

Answer 35

Tendency to respond to all questions from a particular perspective.

Question 36

What are the three types of response set?

Answer 36

Yay-saying, nay-saying, social desirability.

Question 37

What is the yay-saying response set?

Answer 37

Tendency to agree.

Question 38

What is the nay-saying response set?

Answer 38

Tendency to disagree.

Question 39

What is the social desirability response set?

Answer 39

Tendency to reply in a socially desirable way.

Question 40

What is counterbalancing?

Answer 40

Altering the order of the treatments.

Question 41

What are the two types of counterbalancing?

Answer 41

Subject-by-subject, across-subject.

Question 42

What is subject-by-subject counterbalancing?

Answer 42

Counterbalancing w/ treatment orders.

Question 43

What is across-subject counterbalancing?

Answer 43

Counterbalancing w/ one treatment order.

Question 44

What are the two types of subject-by-subject counterbalancing?

Answer 44

Reverse counterbalancing, block randomization.

Question 45

What are the two types of across-subject counterbalancing?

Answer 45

Latin square counterbalancing, balanced Latin square counterbalancing.

Question 46

What happens in reverse counterbalancing?

Answer 46

Participants receive different treatment in one order, then again backwards. Ex: AB/BA; ABC/CBA

Question 47

What happens in block randomization?

Answer 47

Each subject is given blocks of trials w/ several orders. Ex: ABC; ACB; BAC; CAB; BCA

Question 48

What is the most common form of counterbalancing?

Answer 48

Latin-square.

Question 49

What happens in balanced latin-square counterbalancing?

Answer 49

Each treatment occurs equally in treatment positions and each treatment precedes and follows every other treatment an equal # of times.

Question 50

What happens in latin-square counterbalancing?

Answer 50

Researchers ensure that each treatment occurs equally. (Shift/sudoku technique)