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Pharmacology - Christi > Exam 3: Chapters 45-47 > Flashcards

Exam 3: Chapters 45-47 Flashcards

1
Q

How does cancer metastasize?

A

Cancer METASTASIZES to other tissues or organs through the lymphatic system

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2
Q

What is PRIMARY LESION?

A

Original site of growth

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3
Q

What is METASTASIS?

A

Secondary lesion in new location caused by uncontrolled growth

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4
Q

What is NEOPLASM?

A

Mass of new cells (tumor)

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5
Q

What is a NONCANCEROUS tumor?

A

BENIGN

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6
Q

What is a CANCEROUS tumor?

A

MALIGNANT

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7
Q

Epithelial cells (GI mucosa, skin, etc.)

**Can be treated with Radiation & Chemo

A

CARCINOMAS

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8
Q

Connective or supportive tissue (bone, cartilage, adipose)

**Can be treated with Radiation & Chemo

A

SARCOMA

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9
Q

What tissue of origin are LYMPHOMAS?

A

LYMPHOCYTES (systemic)

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10
Q

LEUKEMIAS (systematic)

TISSUE OF ORIGIN?

A

hematopoietic blood (RBC)

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11
Q

MYELOMA (systematic)

TISSUE OF ORIGIN?

A

Plasma cells

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12
Q

3 cancer types that can be treated with radiation

**HINT: They are all 3 systemic

A
  1. Lymphomas
  2. Leukemias
  3. Myeloma
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13
Q

How is localized cancer treated?

A

Radiation therapy and Chemotherapy

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14
Q

How is systemic cancer treated?

A

Chemotherapy

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15
Q

What is another name for these : Cancer drugs, anticancer drugs, cytotoxic chemotherapy, or just chemotherapy

A

Antineoplastic drugs

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16
Q

2 divisions of chemotherapy treatment

A
  1. Cell cycle-nonspecific (CCNS)-cytotoxic at any cell stage
  2. Cell cycle-specific (CCS)
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17
Q

Neutropenic precautions for nurse caring for chemo patient

A

Nurse “gowns up” to protect the patient (Bubble Boy)

**No fresh flowers, fresh veggies or fruits, or pets, and all visitors must be screened.

Avoid those who have had recent vaccinations

MUST wash hand frequently!!

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18
Q

What is the most common side effect of Chemotherapy?

A

NAUSEA

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19
Q

What does chemotherapy do to bone marrow?

A
  • bone marrow suppression
  • LOW RBC, WBC, Platelet count (lower coagulation time and higher risk of bleeding)
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20
Q

What does chemotherapy do to hair follicles?

A

Alopecia (hair loss)

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21
Q

What does chemotherapy do to the GI tract cells?

A
  • ulcers
  • decreased taste
  • weight loss
  • nausea
22
Q

Thrombocytopenia caused by bone marrow suppression

A

increased bleeding, bruising
*avoid high/squeezing blood pressure
cuff
* report nose bleeds
* brush teeth/hair lightly
*avoid IM/sub Q injections

23
Q

What is neutropenia

A

the presence of abnormally few neutrophils in the blood, leading to increased susceptibility to infection.
Undesirable side effect of bone marrow suppression

24
Q

Leukopenia

A

Abnormal reduction of circulating white blood cells, especially granulocytes.
Often interchangeable with neutropenia

25
Q

Digestive tract injury causing inflammation of the oral mucosa

A

STOMATITIS

26
Q

Common adverse effects of chemotherapy

A

Bone marrow suppression
*neutropenia & leukopenia
* Thrombocytopenia

Digestive tract injury
* stomatitis

Alopecia
* hair loss

Hyperuricemia
*excess of uric acid in the blood

Reproductive toxicity

Local injury from extravasation of vesicants

27
Q

Antimetabolite

A

Methotrexate

28
Q

What medication is used for cancer treatment and RA (rheumatoid arthritis)?

A

Methotrexate

**also used to treat severe cases of
psoriasis

29
Q

Mechanism of action - Methotrexate

A
  • folic acid antagonism
  • interferes with the use of folic acid
  • as a result, DNA is not produced, and the
    cells die
30
Q

Methotrexate side effects

A

*nausea
*vomiting
*hair loss
*myelosuppression (decrease in bone
marrow activity that results in reduced
production of blood cells

31
Q

Methotrexate:

Nursing implications

A

Baseline blood counts

**TEST ?

Patient has acute Leukemia……… what to do? Baseline blood count

32
Q

Methotrexate:

Nursing implications

A
  • GI mucous membranes: stomatitis,
    altered bowel function with high risk for
    poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
    and inflammation and possible
    ulcerations of GI mucosa
  • Hair follicles: loss of hair (alopecia)
  • Bone marrow components: dangerously
    low (life-threatening) blood cell counts
33
Q

Antineoplastic medications:

ALKYLATING DRUGS - Adverse Effects

A
  • Nephrotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, ototoxicity
34
Q

Active in all stages of the cell cycle?

A

CCNS drugs (cell cycle-nonspecific)

35
Q

Both are harmful to the liver

A

Alkylating drugs and Cytotoxic antibiotics

36
Q

Adverse effects of Cytotoxic Antibiotics

A

Hair loss, nausea and vomiting, and myelosuppression

37
Q

Extravasation

A

Leaking of an antineoplastic drug into surrounding tissues during IV administration

Can result in permanent damage to nerves, tendons, muscles; loss of limb

If suspected STOP infusion IMMEDIATELY!

**Medical error (IV wasn’t working; leakage)

38
Q

Nursing implications before administering Antineoplastic drugs

A

Assess baseline blood counts prior to administration

Follow specific administration guidelines for each antineoplastic drug

Expect nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomatitis (painful swelling and sores inside the mouth)

39
Q

What does DMARD stand for?

A

Disease Modifying and Antirheumatic Drugs

40
Q

What do DMARDS do?

A

More complex MOA:

 *Enhance or restore host's immune system defenses
 *Directly target the tumor cells causing a toxic effect
 *Modify the tumor's biology making it harder for it to survive
41
Q

Immunomodulating drugs….. what do they do?

A

immune system suppression so the body will no kill it (ex: organ transplant)

42
Q

Therapeutic effects of DMARDS

A
  • enhancement of hematopoietic (the formation of blood cellular components) function
  • regulation or enhancement of the immune response
  • inhibition of metastases, prevention of cell division, or inhibition of cell maturation
43
Q

Hematopoietic Drugs

A
  • promote synthesis of various types of major blood components

MOA:
* decrease the duration of anemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia

44
Q

Side effects of Hematopoietic drugs

A

Fever, muscle aches, bone pain, flushing

45
Q

Immunomodulating drugs

(mostly used for transplant patients)

A
  • interferons: manufactured substances similar to natural interferon cytokines found in body (anti-viral & anti-tumor effects)
  • Monoclonal Antibodies
  • Interleukins: anti-tumor properties
46
Q

DMARDS

A
  • modify the disease of rheumatoid arthritis

**Mechanism:
antiinflammatory
antiarthritic
immunomodulating

47
Q

Methotrexate

A

anticancer drug used to treat RA at lower doses

48
Q

Hydroxychloroquine

A

used to treat many autoimmune conditions such as lupus

49
Q

Adalimumab

A

Humira

50
Q

Nursing implications of DMARDS

A

*Monitor for signs of infection that can be caused by a weakened immune system
*therapeutic effects based on intended use
of the medication

***we know it is going to cause infection so we need to MONITOR!

Pharmacology - Christi (2 decks)

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