Exam 3 Community - Ethics, Economics, Health Policy

Question 1

Ethical Dilemma

Answer 1

Occurs when someone is faced with decision that can be solved from many perspectives

Question 2

Ethical Issues

Answer 2

Conflict between two or more moral principles

Question 3

Moral Distress

Answer 3

Occurs when person is unable to act in a what they think is right

Due to constraints (internal or external)

Question 4

Ethical decision making

Answer 4

1. ID issue
2. Gather info
3. ID theories & principles
4. Consider options
5. Decide and act
6. Reflect

Question 5

Utilitarianism

Answer 5

Right action produces greatest good with least harm

Question 6

Deontology

Answer 6

Decision based on right, and not doing wrong

Question 7

Principlism

Answer 7

Decision made by considering ethical prinicples

Autonomy, distributive Ethics…………..?????????????????

Question 8

Virtue Ethics

Answer 8

Reason and character building

What kind of person do I want to be?

Question 9

Feminist Ethics

Answer 9

Decision made based on economic, social, and political equity

Equal distribution of stuff

Question 10

Ethical Principles

Answer 10

Autonomy
Non-maleficence
Beneficence
Distributive Justice

Question 11

Economics

Answer 11

The science concerned with the use of resources - the producing, distributing, and consuming of goods and services

a way to evaluate what we want, compared to what is available

Supply and Demand

Question 12

Health Economics

Answer 12

Studies how scarce resources affects the health industry

Question 13

Public Health Economics

Answer 13

Producing distributing consuming good and services related to public health

Where limited resources should be spent to save lives and increase quality of life

Question 14

Public Health Financing

Answer 14

The acquiring, managing, and using money to improve the health of the population

support population focused preventative health care services

Causes conflict due to various priorities

Question 15

Factors affecting resource allocation

Answer 15

Uninsured: health disparities; working poor - low paying jobs - Higher mortality

Poor Americans

Access to health services: Medicaid

Question 16

Health Care Rationing

Answer 16

limiting access to services
Intentional increases barriers

In order to decrease waste of resources

Ex: charging for services; prior auths; organ transplant criteria

Question 17

Factors influencing Health Care Costs

Answer 17

Demographics: aging, expectancy, ethnicity

used to take up 20% of our economy, probably more now

Technological advancement

Question 18

Primary prevention

Answer 18

Should be a higher priority

Most costs are spent on secondary and tertiary care

Modifiable lifestyle and environmental factors cause most of our health problems

Question 19

Financing: Public support

Answer 19

Medicare & Medicaid

Question 20

Financing: Public health

Answer 20

Taxes and private third-party payers

Ex: free clinic (donations); United Way; some can get government funding

Question 21

Financing: Other public support

Answer 21

TRICARE for military families

Question 22

Financing: Private support

Answer 22

Private insurance, employers, and individuals

Question 23

Retrospective reimbursement

Answer 23

billed after delivered

Question 24

Prospective reimbursement

Answer 24

Insurance (3rd party) establishes amount they will play prior to services

Question 25

Fee-for-services

Answer 25

Pros: providers paid for each service, and have more flexibility Cons: incentivized to provide more care than necessary ($$$)

Question 26

Preferred provider

Answer 26

Pros: providers negotiate fees with insurer, and have a large network, with higher reimbursement rates Cons: reduced control over patient care

Question 27

Capitation

Answer 27

Pros: providers are paid fixed amount, regardless of number of services provided and are incentivized to provide preventative care Cons: providers are reluctant to provide expensive care - they ain't seeing that $$$

Question 28

Social Security Act 1935

Answer 28

provides assistance to older adults and stuff for peeps and windows and children, welfare, health department grants, etc.

Question 29

National Institute of Health (NIH) 1948

Answer 29

National's medical research agency To prevent disease and improve health of population

Question 30

Medicare and Medicaid 1965

Answer 30

Provides payments for health care services for older adults, disabled, and poor

Question 31

Devolution 1980s

Answer 31

Shift health care responsibility from the federal government to the states for programs to support health care

Question 32

Block Grants - 1980s

Answer 32

Gov grant given to states with few restrictions Here's a lump sum for whatever Ex: Community services block grant: meant for reducing poverty to low-income communities

Question 33

Categorical grants - 1980s

Answer 33

Gov grant for states with every specific restrictions Ex: Head start

Question 34

Affordable Care Act 2010

Answer 34

Improve health of nation by making HC more affordable and improving access

Question 35

Government Health Care Functions (GHCF): Direct Services

Answer 35

Fed, State, Local Govs Direct Services for specific individuals and groups Ex: military and veterans; federal prisoners; etc.

Question 36

GHCF: Financing

Answer 36

Fed and State gov financing Ex: Medicare(fed), Medicaid (State), Child Health Programs (CHIP)(State), and research (NIH: National Institute of Nursing Research)(fed)

Question 37

GHCF: Information

Answer 37

Useful information All branches collect, analyze, disseminate healthcare data for peeps morbidity, census, vital records, etc.

Question 38

GHCF: Policy Setting

Answer 38

Gov at all levels impact funding, resource use, advancements in fields Ex: Sheppard Towner Act (WIC, screening for children, etc.)

Question 39

GHCF: Public Protection