Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OLD "MBS 602" > Exam 3 Condensed > Flashcards

Exam 3 Condensed Flashcards

1
Q

When FAs are taken into the mitochondria what form are they in?

A

Fatty acyl coA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The uptake of FAs into the mitochondria is dependent on what [?]

A

[cytoplasmic Malonyl-coA]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is attached to fatty acyl-coA that allows it to enter the mitochondrial matrix?

A

carnitine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What molecule inhibits the uptake of FAs into the mitochondria?

A

malonyl-coA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Is FA uptake inhibited or activated by insulin?

A

inhibited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Is FA uptake inhibited or activated by high [AMP]?

A

activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Every 2 carbons, B-oxidation yields…

A

1 FADH2
1 NADH
1 acetyl coA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the cost of 1 round of B-oxidation?

A

1 ATP (attaching CoA to FA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where in the cell does B-oxidation occur?

A

mitochondrian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What tissues does B-oxidation NOT occur?

A

brain
RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Does insulin inhibit or activate B-oxidation?

A

inhibits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What tissue is ketone bodies synthesized?

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When are ketone bodies synthesized and why?

A

extended fasting
(excess acetyl coA from lipolysis is used for KB synthesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What tissues can use ketone bodies?
What tissues cannot use ketone bodies?

A

brain
muscles
kidneys

NO - liver & RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is ketosis?

A

Increased production of ketone bodies after 2-3 days of fasting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is ketoacidosis?

A

too many ketone bodies synthesized an not enough degraded acidifying the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In the case of diabetic ketoacidosis, what is the state of…
[glucose]
[insulin]
[ketones]
pH

A

[glucose] – high
[insulin] – low
[ketones] – high
pH – low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In the case of ketotic hypoglycemia, what is the state of…
[glucose]
[insulin]
[ketones]

A

[glucose] – low
[insulin] – low
[ketones] – high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In the case of non-ketotic hypoglycemia, what is the state of…
[glucose]
[insulin]
[ketones]

A

[glucose] – low
[insulin] – high
[ketones] – low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 4 names of the ETC complexes?

A
  1. NADH DH
  2. Succinate DH
  3. Cyt bc1
  4. Cyt C Oxidase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 2 mobile electron carriers of the ETC?

A
  1. Coenzyme Q
  2. Cytochrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which ETC complex DOES NOT pump a proton?

A

Complex II (Succinate DH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What’s the final acceptor of electron in ETC?

A

oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What’s the most important rate regulator of the ETC?

A

ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 2 classes of ETC inhibitors?

A

Complex I and IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are ETC uncouplers?

A

destroys the pH gradient making the complexes go faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the 4 basic steps of FA synthesis?

A
  1. citrate moves out of mitochondria
  2. citrate –> acetyl coA
  3. acetyl coA –> malonyl-coA
  4. FA synthase
28
Q

What enzyme converts acetyl coA —> malonyl-coA in FA synthesis?

A

acetyl-coA carboxylase

29
Q

Each 2 carbons added in FA synthesis, what does it cost?

A

2 NADPH
1 ATP
1 CO2

30
Q

What are the 2 sources of NADPH for FA synthesis?

A
  1. PPP
  2. malate DH
31
Q

What tissue is FA synthesized in?

A

liver

32
Q

Does fatty acyl-coA inhibit or activate acetyl-coA carboxylase in FA synthesis?

A

inhibit

33
Q

Does insulin inhibit or activate acetyl-coA carboxylase in FA synthesis?

A

activate

34
Q

Any FA longer than C____ must be synthesized using elongation

A

C16

35
Q

What is the desaturation of FAs?

A

addition of double bonds

36
Q

What is the limitation of desaturation of FAs?

A

can only be done up to C9

37
Q

How does the body make arachadonate?
How many desaturations and elongations?

A

converts Linoleate with 2 desaturations and 1 elongation

38
Q

What are aspirin’s 2 functions?

A
  1. inhibit prostaglandins (anti-inflame)
  2. inhibit thromboxane (anti-coagulant)
39
Q

Are cis fatty acids solid or liquid?

A

liquid

40
Q

Are trans fatty acids solid or liquid?

A

solid

41
Q

What are the 3 major sources of trans FAs?

A
  1. red meat (gut bacteria)
  2. heated cis-fats
  3. dehydrogenated fats
42
Q

What are the 5 major plasma lipoproteins?

A
  1. chylomicrons
  2. VLDL
  3. IDL
  4. LDL
  5. HDL
43
Q

What are the 3 types of lipids present in lipoproteins?

A
  1. triglycerides
  2. cholesterol
  3. phospholipids
44
Q

What is the primary lipid in chylomicrons and VLDL?

A

triglycerides

45
Q

What are the primary lipids in IDL, LDL, HDL?

A

cholesterol and phospholipids

46
Q

Does chylomicrons or HDL have more lipids? Which is heavier?

A

chylomicrons – more lipids
HDL – heavier

47
Q

Whats the difference between chylomicrons and VLDL?

A

chylomicrons come from diet (right after eating)
VLDL is synthesized by the liver (a few hours after you eat)

48
Q

What is the significance of Apo-B100?

A

marker for LDL (bound to LDL)

49
Q

What’s the difference between cholesterol and cholesterol esters?

A

cholesterol esters have FA attached to C3

50
Q

Does VLDL or chylomicrons have more cholesterol esters?

A

VLDL

51
Q

What is the role of LCAT (lectithin) in cholesterol metabolism?

A

FORMS CHOLESTEROL ESTERS
adds FAs to cholesterol

52
Q

What are the 3 derivatives of cholesterol?

A

Bile acid
steroids
Vit D1

53
Q

Why do statins work so well?

A
  1. uptake of LDL via over expression of LDL-R
  2. reduced de novo cholesterol synthesis
54
Q

What’s the cause of Kwashiorkor?

A

low protein intake but enough calories

55
Q

What are the 2 causes of negative nitrogen balance?

A
  1. trauma/stress
  2. malnutrition
56
Q

What is the saying for essental amino acids?

A

Any
Help
In
Learning
These
Little
Molecules
Proves
Truly
Valuble

57
Q

What does the enzyme ALT do?

A

convert alanine into pyruvate, for cellular energy production

58
Q

What is glucogenic v. ketogenic amino acids?

A

glucogenic – gives rise to glucose from CAC intermediates
ketogenic – gives rise to acetyl coA

59
Q

How are amino acids absorbed in the intestine v. di- and tri-peptides?

A

AAs – sodium transporter
peptides – no transporter needed

60
Q

What is the role of ubquitin in protein degrdation?

A

tagged on endogenous protein to be degraded by proteasome

61
Q

What reaction does glutamate DH catalyze?

A

NH3 + a-ketogluterate –> glutamate

62
Q

What reaction does glutamine synthase catalyze?

A

glutamate + NH3 —> glutamine

63
Q

What are the first 2 steps of amino acids catabolism catalyzed by?

A

glutamate DH

64
Q

What is the purpose of NAG in the urea cycle?

A

regulates the activity of CPS-1 (rate limiting step)

65
Q

What is the important role of ornithine in the urea cycle?

A

is a carrier like OXA
- also makes citrulline which leaves mitochondria

66
Q

How does lactulose lower ammonia in the blood?

A

gut bacteria ferment it
gut acidified
NH3 from blood moves into gut and is protonated into NH4

OLD "MBS 602" (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions