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OLD "MBS 602" > Exam 3 Condensed > Flashcards

Exam 3 Condensed Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

When FAs are taken into the mitochondria what form are they in?

A

Fatty acyl coA

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2
Q

The uptake of FAs into the mitochondria is dependent on what [?]

A

[cytoplasmic Malonyl-coA]

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3
Q

What is attached to fatty acyl-coA that allows it to enter the mitochondrial matrix?

A

carnitine

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4
Q

What molecule inhibits the uptake of FAs into the mitochondria?

A

malonyl-coA

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5
Q

Is FA uptake inhibited or activated by insulin?

A

inhibited

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6
Q

Is FA uptake inhibited or activated by high [AMP]?

A

activated

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7
Q

Every 2 carbons, B-oxidation yields…

A

1 FADH2
1 NADH
1 acetyl coA

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8
Q

What is the cost of 1 round of B-oxidation?

A

1 ATP (attaching CoA to FA)

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9
Q

Where in the cell does B-oxidation occur?

A

mitochondrian

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10
Q

What tissues does B-oxidation NOT occur?

A

brain
RBC

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11
Q

Does insulin inhibit or activate B-oxidation?

A

inhibits

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12
Q

What tissue is ketone bodies synthesized?

A

liver

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13
Q

When are ketone bodies synthesized and why?

A

extended fasting
(excess acetyl coA from lipolysis is used for KB synthesis)

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14
Q

What tissues can use ketone bodies?
What tissues cannot use ketone bodies?

A

brain
muscles
kidneys

NO - liver & RBC

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15
Q

What is ketosis?

A

Increased production of ketone bodies after 2-3 days of fasting

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16
Q

What is ketoacidosis?

A

too many ketone bodies synthesized an not enough degraded acidifying the blood

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17
Q

In the case of diabetic ketoacidosis, what is the state of…
[glucose]
[insulin]
[ketones]
pH

A

[glucose] – high
[insulin] – low
[ketones] – high
pH – low

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18
Q

In the case of ketotic hypoglycemia, what is the state of…
[glucose]
[insulin]
[ketones]

A

[glucose] – low
[insulin] – low
[ketones] – high

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19
Q

In the case of non-ketotic hypoglycemia, what is the state of…
[glucose]
[insulin]
[ketones]

A

[glucose] – low
[insulin] – high
[ketones] – low

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20
Q

What are the 4 names of the ETC complexes?

A
  1. NADH DH
  2. Succinate DH
  3. Cyt bc1
  4. Cyt C Oxidase
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21
Q

What are the 2 mobile electron carriers of the ETC?

A
  1. Coenzyme Q
  2. Cytochrome
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22
Q

Which ETC complex DOES NOT pump a proton?

A

Complex II (Succinate DH)

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23
Q

What’s the final acceptor of electron in ETC?

A

oxygen

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24
Q

What’s the most important rate regulator of the ETC?

A

ADP

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25
What are the 2 classes of ETC inhibitors?
Complex I and IV
26
What are ETC uncouplers?
destroys the pH gradient making the complexes go faster
27
What are the 4 basic steps of FA synthesis?
1. citrate moves out of mitochondria 2. citrate --> acetyl coA 3. acetyl coA --> malonyl-coA 4. FA synthase
28
What enzyme converts acetyl coA ---> malonyl-coA in FA synthesis?
acetyl-coA carboxylase
29
Each 2 carbons added in FA synthesis, what does it cost?
2 NADPH 1 ATP 1 CO2
30
What are the 2 sources of NADPH for FA synthesis?
1. PPP 2. malate DH
31
What tissue is FA synthesized in?
liver
32
Does fatty acyl-coA inhibit or activate acetyl-coA carboxylase in FA synthesis?
inhibit
33
Does insulin inhibit or activate acetyl-coA carboxylase in FA synthesis?
activate
34
Any FA longer than C____ must be synthesized using elongation
C16
35
What is the desaturation of FAs?
addition of double bonds
36
What is the limitation of desaturation of FAs?
can only be done up to C9
37
How does the body make arachadonate? How many desaturations and elongations?
converts Linoleate with 2 desaturations and 1 elongation
38
What are aspirin's 2 functions?
1. inhibit prostaglandins (anti-inflame) 2. inhibit thromboxane (anti-coagulant)
39
Are cis fatty acids solid or liquid?
liquid
40
Are trans fatty acids solid or liquid?
solid
41
What are the 3 major sources of trans FAs?
1. red meat (gut bacteria) 2. heated cis-fats 3. dehydrogenated fats
42
What are the 5 major plasma lipoproteins?
1. chylomicrons 2. VLDL 3. IDL 4. LDL 5. HDL
43
What are the 3 types of lipids present in lipoproteins?
1. triglycerides 2. cholesterol 3. phospholipids
44
What is the primary lipid in chylomicrons and VLDL?
triglycerides
45
What are the primary lipids in IDL, LDL, HDL?
cholesterol and phospholipids
46
Does chylomicrons or HDL have more lipids? Which is heavier?
chylomicrons -- more lipids HDL -- heavier
47
Whats the difference between chylomicrons and VLDL?
chylomicrons come from diet (right after eating) VLDL is synthesized by the liver (a few hours after you eat)
48
What is the significance of Apo-B100?
marker for LDL (bound to LDL)
49
What's the difference between cholesterol and cholesterol esters?
cholesterol esters have FA attached to C3
50
Does VLDL or chylomicrons have more cholesterol esters?
VLDL
51
What is the role of LCAT (lectithin) in cholesterol metabolism?
FORMS CHOLESTEROL ESTERS adds FAs to cholesterol
52
What are the 3 derivatives of cholesterol?
Bile acid steroids Vit D1
53
Why do statins work so well?
1. uptake of LDL via over expression of LDL-R 2. reduced de novo cholesterol synthesis
54
What's the cause of Kwashiorkor?
low protein intake but enough calories
55
What are the 2 causes of negative nitrogen balance?
1. trauma/stress 2. malnutrition
56
What is the saying for essental amino acids?
Any Help In Learning These Little Molecules Proves Truly Valuble
57
What does the enzyme ALT do?
convert alanine into pyruvate, for cellular energy production
58
What is glucogenic v. ketogenic amino acids?
glucogenic -- gives rise to glucose from CAC intermediates ketogenic -- gives rise to acetyl coA
59
How are amino acids absorbed in the intestine v. di- and tri-peptides?
AAs -- sodium transporter peptides -- no transporter needed
60
What is the role of ubquitin in protein degrdation?
tagged on endogenous protein to be degraded by proteasome
61
What reaction does glutamate DH catalyze?
NH3 + a-ketogluterate --> glutamate
62
What reaction does glutamine synthase catalyze?
glutamate + NH3 ---> glutamine
63
What are the first 2 steps of amino acids catabolism catalyzed by?
glutamate DH
64
What is the purpose of NAG in the urea cycle?
regulates the activity of CPS-1 (rate limiting step)
65
What is the important role of ornithine in the urea cycle?
is a carrier like OXA - also makes citrulline which leaves mitochondria
66
How does lactulose lower ammonia in the blood?
gut bacteria ferment it gut acidified NH3 from blood moves into gut and is protonated into NH4

OLD "MBS 602" (7 decks)

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