Exam 3 content Flashcards
(54 cards)
Sensorimotor stage
Birth-2 years old
child doesn’t understand object permanence (objects continue to exist even if they’re out of sight) peekaboo is amazing because they think you actually disappear when you cover your face
separation anxiety from parents
Preoperational stage
2-6 years old
understands object permanence
starting to learn that pictures/symbols convey ideas
egocentrism (what the child sees/experiences is what everyone experiences. kid thinks that if they put a blanket over their head and cannot see their parents, their parents cannot see him).
failure to understand conservation (the water example with 2 exact same volume containers but one is taller and the other is fatter so they pick the taller one regardless)
Concrete operational stage
begins once the child understands conservation
can take the perspective of other people and group similar objects into categories
start to understand basic logic
cannot think abstractly yet
Formal operational stage
ages 12 and up
reason on a logical hypothetical level
think abstractly and like an adult
Harlow’s attachment study
The Cloth Mother
the comfort and warmth of cloth mom was more important than the wire mom who had the food- spent all day besides feeding time with cloth mom and ran to her when the monkey got scared
Showed importance of contact comfort
Secure attachment
some distress when mom left but when she came back they were excited and quickly calmed down when she returned
moms who are warm, affectionate, responded to their kids needs
Ambivalently/resistant attachment
got upset when mom left but weren’t soothed by her return and still cried
Disorganized attachment
confused, would try to go to their mom but then get distracted and looked away, not super comforted by mom
some suggestion kids had been abused (the wariness and avoidance) because they don’t know if the parent will be nice or dangerous
Avoidant attachment
did not get upset when mom left and tried to interact with the stranger. when mom came back no interest in reconnecting
moms who weren’t available for their children
Authoritative parenting
high expectations but are warm and affectionate
parents explain their rules and willing to discuss them with rationale
responsive and show respect for their children and their opinions
kids with these parents: mature, happy, self control, assertive in social situations, higher levels of academic achievement and self esteem
Authoritarian parenting
explanation for the rules “because i said so” “im the parent you’re the kid”
don’t tolerate disobedience
uncommunicative and emotionally distant
kids who are disciplined in this manner: withdrawn, anxious, lack of social skills, low performance in school
Indulgent/permissive parenting
warm and supportive
few rules and expectations of kids behavior
allow kids to make their own decisions
kids with these parents: immature, not self reliant and have less independence
Neglectful parenting
no limits or expectations for their children
no warmth, they’re not there because they’re too involved in their own lives (usually substance or mental issues)
kids with these parents: more likely to get in trouble with the law, drink, do drugs, have sex earlier
Preconventional morals
based on consequences
don’t want to get in trouble solely because they don’t want to get in trouble and deal with the punishment
conventional morals
use your family and friends as judgment guides
based on societal rules and laws
Post conventional morals
morality judged in terms of abstract principles which may transcend laws
Test question would be obvious, some super abstract idea that the person is thinking about
Drive reduction theory
Biological needs drive our behavior
Drive - a state of arousal brought about by an underlying need which motivates one to engage in behavior that will satisfy the need and reduce the tension.
Derives from the concept of homeostasis
if you’re hungry, creates arousal to go and search for food to cure hunger
Motivation
The process that initiates, directs, and sustains behavior to satisfy physiological or psychological needs
Expectancy theory
Expectancy theory
Behavior is motivated by expected outcomes
Incentives - positive or negative stimuli that motivate our behavior: clout, fame, a raise, etc
Test question will be like the person expects this to happen so…
Arousal theory
We are motivated to maintain an optimum level of arousal
saying arousal isn’t good or bad, need some arousal to get stuff done throughout the day
Avoidance motivation
doing something to avoid an unpleasant outcome. avoiding punishment is a bigger driver to do something than a reward
Achievement motivation
Conscious versus unconscious
we don’t always know why we are motivated to do something/why we do it
conscious: i show up to class so I can get iclicker points
unconscious: i show up to class because i unconsciously am seeking approval from parents for going to class and doing well
intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
intrinsic motivation way stronger than extrinsic motivation because once the incentive goes away that’s fueling the extrinsic motivation people will stop doing the thing they’re getting rewards for
Approach motivation
approaching something positive, knowing you’ll get a reward for it
