Exam 3- Environmental Physiology - HEAT Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
What are environmental contributors to heat stress?
A
Primary factors
- air temperature, relative humidity, radiant heat
Also
wind, lack of wind, precipitation
2
Q
what are other factors that contribute to heat stress?
A
- exercise intensity
- acclimatization
- fitness level
- adiposity
- protective pads
- illness
- medications
- clothing
- hydration level
- body fat
- age
3
Q
how to estimate heat stress based on environmental parameters
A
- heat index
- wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT)
4
Q
Heat index
A
composed of air temperature and relative humidity
– used by the national weather service; does not account for solar radiation (radiant heat)
5
Q
wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT)
A
composite temperature used to estimate the effect of temperature, humidity,and solar radiation on humans ( temperature may be in either Celsius or Fahrenheit)
- development by the military
6
Q
wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) calculation
A
( .7 Tw) + (.2 Tg) + (.1 Td)= WBGT
- Tw= natural wet bulb temp. (humidity indicator)
- Tg= globe thermometer temperature (measured with a globe thermometer (also know as a black black globe thermometer) to measure solar radiation)
- Td=dry- bulb temperature ( normal air temperature)
7
Q
wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) classification of risk of heat illness
A
- very high risk: WBGTabove 28 C (82F)
- high risk: WBGT 23-28 C (73-82F)
- moderate risk: WBGT 18-23 C (65-73F)
- low risk: WBGT below 18 C (65F)
- see box 8.6 on p. 221 in getp for recommendations for modifications o activities for children in the heat
8
Q
What are some focus areas of heat research
A
- general exposure
- exercise, sport, and recreation
- occupational ( military, spaceflight, or any other occupation defined by exposure to hot environments)
9
Q
core Temperature
A
- regulated within a very narrow range of 35-41C ( 95-106F)
- normal core temperature = 37C ( 98.6F )
- Hypothalamus is body thermostat which contains the central coordination center for temp.
- thermal receptor in the skin provide input to the central control center
- *changes in the temp. of blood that perfuses the hypothalamus directly stimulate the area
- when metabolic heat generation exceeds heat loss, hypothermia may develop
10
Q
general approaches to regulation core temperatures
A
- physiologic regulation
- behavioral regulation
11
Q
Physiologic regulation
A
independent of conscious voluntary control
- rate of metabolic heat production
- body heat distribution via the blood from the core to the skin
- sweating
12
Q
behavioral regulation
A
operates through conscious behavior
- modifying activity levels
- changing clothes
- seeking shelter
13
Q
mechanisms of heat transfer ( applies to hot and cold temps)
A
1 radiation
2 conduction
3 convection
4 evaporation
14
Q
what is radiation?
A
transfer of energy waves that are emitted by one object and adsorbed by another
15
Q
What is conduction ?
A
transfer of heat from a warm object to a cooler object ( through direct contact)
16
Q
what is convection?
A
heat exchange that occurs between a solid medium and one that moves in a fluid zed/ flow like manner) ( air)
17
Q
what is evaporation?
A
heat transfer form the vaporization of water ( liquid to gas ) think of sweat
** only one of the 4 mentioned heat exchange mechanisms that only serves to transfer heat away from the body ( all the other can do both transfer heat to the body or away from it)
** each vaporized liter of water extracts 580 kcal from the body and transfers it to the environment
** water come fromt he 2-4 million sweat gland
( easier to evaporate heat when t is dry )
18
Q
What are physiologic response to heat stress?
A
- cv system: dilation of cutaneous vascular beds and redistribution of cardiac output
- skin: sweat glands secrete sweat to cool the skin
- endocrine and urinary systems: fluid-electrolyte hormones retain water and NaCl via the kidney to offset sweat losses
- pulmonary: ↑ respiratory rate
19
Q
Fluid Loss Dehydration
A
- sweat rate during mild to moderate work in warm to hot conditions .8-1.4 L*hr
- active individuals should drink at least 1 pint of fluid for each pound pound of body weight lost
- goal of drinking during exercise is to prevent excessive (>2% of body weight loss from water deficit) dehydration and excessive changes in electrolyte balance from compromising performance and health
20
Q
what is the common amount of weight loss for athletes during competition or training
A
2-10% of their weight
21
Q
what was the highest recorded sweat rate
A
3.7 l*hr at the 1954 S- olymipcs marthon
22
Q
what impact of dehydration on endurance
A
- acute dehydration degrades aerobic performance, regardless of whole body hyperthemia or environmental temp.
- endurance capacity is reduced more in a hot environment than in a temp or cold one
- the greater the dehydration, the great the aerobic exercise performance decrements
23
Q
what are the effect of dehydration on max strength and power production?
A
- small to moderate reduction in body weight ( -1% to -3%) due to water loss are not likely to have significant effect
- losses of 5% or more can be tolerated without a loss of max strength in some people
- sustained or repeated max exercise> or equal to 30sdeteriorate with moderate to severe dehydration ( -6% or more)
24
Q
How does one determine his or her sweating rate?
A
nude or semi nude weighing before and after
- be sure to account for
- fluids drank
- exertion
- clothing containing moisture ( sweat )
25
cardiac drift
is a common phenomenn in prolonged aerobic exercise in the heat
-- HR ↑ durig sustained exercise of unchanging ( or even decreasing ) intensity
--SV ↓because benous return is decreased due to
=redistribution of blood ( more blood pooling in the dependent regions due to vasodilation)
=↓ plasma volume due to fluid losses in sweat
** on average, heart rate ↑ 8 bpm for each liter of sweat loss dehydration
- will not need to know # form box 8.4 p. 218 in the book
26
Hyponatremia
low extracellular sodium concentration
| -- plasma ( na-) < 130 mEq Na+ per liter
27
what are some major causes of hyponatremia
- large volumes of water is consumed and retained ( water intoxication )
- sweat volume and concentration are very great
- - common in novice endurance competitors who go overboard trying to remain well hydrated
28
What is Heat acclimatization
- the collective physiologic adaptive changes that improve heat tolerance
- takes up to 10-14 days for (95%) of adaptation
- optimizing heat acclimatization
29
how to optimizing heat acclimatization
1 E in heat at intensities >50 vo2
-gradually ↑ duration and intensity over the 10-14 days
-first session should be 10-15 min
2 e with a partner at the beginning
3 e in the cool air of the morning
4 watch core temp levels
5 simulate hot environments by e in heated rooms
30
Heat illness
see table 8.5 in p. 219 in the book
31
cooling the hyperthermic body ( time is crucial)
- ice bath or cold water immersion
- application of ice packs to neck, groin and axillae areas
- application of cold wet towels to head, trunk and extremities
- air misting and fanning techniques
32
ACSM position stands
fluid replacement
-link
exertional heat illness during training an dcompetiton
-link
read pp. 216-223
33
Heat exhaustion
inability to continue exercise in the heat. rectal temperature of 102 f (39c) depending on the physical activity that preceded overt illnesses and the point at which temp. was first recorded. sweating is profuse. mental function and thermoregulation are mildly impaired acclimatization reduces the incidence of symptoms
34
Heat exhaustion treatment
rest and cooling ↑ venous bf to the heart typical losses during a 4 h work shift in harsh conditions are 6 L water and 8 g NaCl.
other things too
35
Exertional heatstroke
thermoregulatory overload or failure. rectal temp of 104 f (40c) or higher. other symptoms include elevated serum enzyms, vomitin, diarrhea, coma, convulsions, and impairment of mental fx and temp regulation. swearing my or may not be present. onset may be rapid in patients who have been E.
36
Exertional heatstroke treatment
a true medical 911. water immersion not only provides the fastest cooling rate when rectal themp is >105 f (>40.6) but alos improves venous return and cardia output via skin vasoconstriction and the effect of hydrostatic pressure. the morality rate (10-80%) is directly related to the duration and intensity of hypertermia as well as the speed and effectiveness of diagnosis and whole body cooling
37
Heat cramps
associated w/ whole body salt deficiency. cramps occur in the ab and large muscles of the extremities but differ from exertion induced cramps since the entire muscle is not involved; cramp appears to wander because individual motor units contract. plasam Na deficit with urine specific garvity
38
Heat cramps treatment
oral .1% saline solution(two 10 grain salt tablets or 1/3 tsp of table salt in 1 L of water) or IV normal saline solution.
IV solution, used when symptoms include nausea and vomiting, bring rapid relief with no lasting complications.
39
heat syncope
brief fainting spell w/o a significant ↑ in rectal temp. pale skin is obvious. pulse and breathing rates are slow. presyncope warning signals include weakness, vertigo, nausea or tunnel vision.
40
Heat syncope treatment
lay the patient in the shade and elevate feet above the level of the head. replace fluid and salt losses. avoid sudden or prolonged standing
41
Environmental contributions to cold
```
-temperature
o air
o water (immersion)
-precipitation (i.e., rain, snow)
- wind (wind chill: combined thermal effects of temperature and wind on exposed skin)
```
42
Focus areas of cold research
- general exposure
- exercise, sport, and recreation
- occupational
43
what are some examples of occupational
o military
o spaceflight
o maritime
o other occupations defined by exposure to cold environments
44
Body’s General Approach to Managing Acute Cold Exposure
increase heat production (by the body)
decrease heat loss (to the environment)
mobilize metabolic fuels (within the body)
45
how well can the body adapt to cold
Body has limited ability to acclimate (adapt) to chronic cold exposure compared to chronic heat exposure
46
Physiologic Responses to Cold Stress
```
CV system:
muscular system
subcutaneous fat
endocrine and urinary systems
thermogenesis
stimulating effects of hormones
aerobic metabolism of BAT
```
47
CV system:
constriction of cutaneous vascular beds when skin temperature drops below ~35oC (95oF)
48
muscular system:
shivering produces internal metabolic heat
o shivering begins when core temperature drops below ~36oC (97oF)
o critical temperature: temperature at which shivering begins
air: 20-29oC (68-84oF)
water: 30-35oC (86-95oF
49
subcutaneous fat:
adipose tissue retains heat by insulating the body
50
endocrine and urinary systems
o fluid-electrolyte hormones retain water and NaCl via the kidneys to offset dehydration
o thyroid and adrenal hormones increase metabolic rate
epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenal medulla)
cortisol and corticosterone (adrenal cortex)
thyroid hormone (thyroid gland)
o adrenal hormones alter ratio of metabolic fuels utilized in muscle
51
thermogenesis
o shivering thermogenesis
o non-shivering thermogenesis
- factors that interact to determine if exercising in the cold will elicit additional physiologic strain and injury risk beyond that associated with the same exercise done under temperate conditions:
o clothing, body composition, health status, nutrition, age, and exercise intensity
52
thermogenesis- Shivering
(metabolic rate up to 40-50% VO2 max has been reported at rest)
53
thermogenesis- nonShivering
stimulating effects of hormones
| aerobic metabolism of BAT
54
Exercise in the Cold
extra clothing produces a “hobbling effect”
increased energy cost of exercise due to an already elevated metabolism
shivering occurs in both agonist and antagonist muscle groups so coordination is impaired
o finer motor skills will experience greater impairment (e.g., finger and hand dexterity)
55
how to prevent hypothemia while exercising
| Exercise in the Cold
body heat production during moderate or strenuous exercise is usually sufficiently high to prevent hypothermia in air temperatures as low as -25oF
o if heat production is excessive, clothing may have to be removed (overdressing can be a problem)
o when exercise stops (or intensity drops significantly) is when problems can start
wet clothing must be replaced if remaining outside; if not, returning indoors is required
56
what is hypothermia compared to frostbite
Frostbite- death of tissue
| Hypothermia - core body temp and can die
57
inhalation of cold air for the healthy person
| Exercise in the Cold
o upper airway temperatures remain unchanged during exercise in temperate conditions but fall substantially when extremely cold air (colder than -25oF) is breathed during strenuous exercise
temperatures of the lower respiratory tract and deep body temperatures are generally unaffected by cold (or
very cold) air inhalation
58
notes about wind and wind chill:
| Exercise in the Cold
o wind does not cause an exposed object to become cooler than the ambient temperature
o wind speeds obtained from weather reports do not factor in “man-made” wind (e.g., running, skiing)
o wind chill presents relative risk of frostbite and predicted times to freezing of exposed facial skin
facial skin was chosen because this area is typically not protected
59
notes about wind and wind chill PART 2
| Exercise in the Cold
o wet skin exposed to the wind cools faster; if the skin is wet and exposed to wind, the ambient temperature used for the wind chill table should be 10oC lower than the actual ambient temperature
o the risk of frostbite is < 5% when the ambient temperature is above -15oC (5oF), but increased safety surveillance of exercisers is warranted when the wind chill falls below -27oC (-8oF) – in these conditions, frostbite can occur in 30 minutes or ↓ in exposed skin
60
exercise in the cold for people with cardiovascular disease
o whole-body and facial cooling lowers the threshold for the onset of angina during exercise
o patients with CAD experience angina and ST-segment depression at ↓ E. intensities in the cold
o bad combination: cold, high-intensity upper body exercise, low fitness level, and CVD
things like shoveling and wood chopping MUST be done (chopping potentially ↑ intensity for upper body)
o shoveling snow can raise the heart rate to 97% HRmax and systolic blood pressure to 200 mmHg
upper body exercise raises blood pressure more than lower body exercise
61
exercise in the cold for people with cardiovascular disease PART 2
o walking in snow that is either packed or soft significantly increases energy requirements and myocardial o2 demands which means walking pace may need to be slowed in those with CVD
o swimming in water colder than 25oC (77oF) may be a threat to patients with CVD because they cant
recognize angina symptoms and therefore may place themselves at↑ risk
there is also a risk of reflex vasospasm/constriction of coronary arteries in cold water
o cold exposure (even when mild) stimulates the sympathetic nervous systems and elevates systemic vascular resistance, blood pressure, myocardial contractility, and cardiac work at rest and during E.
62
exercise in the cold for allergy-prone people or those with asthma
o breathing cold air during exercise may cause bronchospasm
bronchospasm thought to be caused by facial cooling rather than cooling of respiratory passages
o chronic inhalation of cold air can increase respiratory passage secretions and decrease mucociliary clearance; the resulting airway congestion may impair pulmonary mechanics during exercise
63
Effects of Exercise Performance in Cold
decreased cardiovascular endurance
decreased muscular endurance possibly due to:
decreased maximal muscular strength and peak muscular power
o longer time for fibers to reach maximal tension (probably due to slower rate of cross-bridge cycling)
o increased viscosity of fluid within fibers (sarcoplasm) due to increased resistance to movement of cross bridges
o decreased chemical reaction rates in muscle due to decreased muscle enzyme activity and decreased production of
high-energy phosphates
64
decreased cardiovascular endurance
o maximal heart rate decreases with body cooling (stroke volume unchanged therefore Q falls)
o when blood is cooled below 98.6oF, hemoglobin binds to oxygen more tightly (i.e., less o2 to muscles)
o blood flow to muscles during exercise decreases when body is cooled (↑ anaerobic metabolism and by-products)
65
decreased muscular endurance possibly due to:
o reduced nerve conduction velocity
| o recruitment of fewer muscle fibers
66
decreased maximal muscular strength and peak muscular power
o longer time for fibers to reach maximal tension (probably due to slower rate of cross-bridge cycling)
o increased viscosity of fluid within fibers (sarcoplasm) due to increased resistance to movement of cross bridges
o decreased chemical reaction rates in muscle due to decreased muscle enzyme activity and decreased production of high-energy phosphates
67
Cold Injuries
freezing injuries (cold-dry)
nonfreezing injuries (cool/cold-wet)
hypothermia
68
frostbite
frostbite occurs when tissue temperatures drop below 0oC (32oF)
frostbite cannot occur if the air temperature is above 0oC (32oF)
most common in exposed areas (i.e., nose, ears, cheeks, and exposed wrists)
can also occur in the hands and feet
69
Type of frostbite
contact frostbite: occurs when touching cold objects with bare skin, particularly highly conductive metal or
stone, which causes rapid heat loss
o stages of progression: 1) frostnip, 2) superficial frostbite, 3) [severe/deep] frostbite
o severe frostbite can lead to death of tissue
70
nonfreezing injuries (cool/cold-wet)
o chilblain, pernio, and trench foot (or immersion foot)
- happens from being wet
- this happens when the feet get wet mostly
- chiblain and pernio are distruction fo blood vessels, ulser, blister
71
hypothermia
o develops when heat loss exceeds heat production causing body heat content to decrease
o defined as a core body temperature below 35oC (95oF)
o factors that increase the risk of hypothermia
immersion, rain, wet clothing, low body fat, older age (≥60 years), hypoglycemia
o great risk in cool/cold water immersion because water transfers heat from away from the body (conductive and convective heat transfer) at a rate 60-70 times that of air of the same temperature
72
recommendations for clothing during exercise in the cold:
| Clothing for the Cold
o adjust clothing insulation to minimize sweating
o use clothing vents to reduce sweat accumulation
o do not wear an outer layer unless it is rainy or very windy
o reduce clothing insulation as exercise intensity increases
o do not impose a single clothing standard on an entire group of exercisers
73
clo unit
| Clothing for the Cold
indicates the insulatory capacity provided by any layer of trapped air between the skin and clothing, including the clothing’s insulation value
o the clo unit represents an index of thermal resistance (related to clothing)
o a clo unit of 1 maintains a sedentary person at 1 MET indefinitely in an environment of 21oC (68.8oF) and 50%
relative humidity (assumes no air or body movement that would disturb insulator layer of air around the body)
o 6 factors affect the insulation (clo) value of clothing (see page 621 in McArdle, Katch and Katch 7th Ed. EXP textbook)
74
READ
the pages form johns book ( 621-624)
75
Altitude represents earth’s hypobaric environment
what is the problem with altitude, from an exercise physiology point of view?
what changes at altitude: the absolute amount of oxygen or the relative amount?
76
Boyle’s Law:
for a fixed amount of gas kept at a fixed temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional(i.e., when one increases, the other decreases)
air has a lower density at higher altitude (fewer particles per cubic inch)
fractional concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere is 0.2093; FiO2 = 0.2093 at any altitude
77
Low Oxygen Levels
high altitude results in hypoxia
| decreased oxygen supply results in an increase in anaerobic metabolism (is this good or bad?)
78
respiratory system
| Low Oxygen Levels
o pulmonary ventilation increases upon exposure to hypoxia
chemoreceptors in the carotid artery and aorta sense lower oxygen level in the blood
why does pulmonary ventilation increase?
79
cardiovascular system
| Low Oxygen Levels
o cardiac output increases upon arrival at high altitude (mediated by an increase in heart rate)
o stroke volume decreases for a given workload
o cardiac work and myocardial oxygen requirements are increased
80
polycythemia
| Low Oxygen Levels
polycythemia: increased rate of red blood cell production
o where are red blood cells produced?
(bone marrow- epo- kidneys )
side note: what is erythropoietin and blood doping and how are the two related?
81
How Hard It Can Get
near the summit of Mount Everest, every step forward and upward requires ~7-10 complete respirations
o respiratory muscle work during hyperventilation at extreme altitude equals ~10% of total resting O2 uptake
average ventilation rates for a group of 8 climbers on Mount Everest at 20,800 feet:
o respiratory rate of 62 breaths per minute and minute ventilation of 207.2 liters
82
High Altitude Natives
more polycythemic
larger heart dimensions
greater cardiac muscle mass
more extensive coronary artery circulation
born AND raised at altitude (body optimizes oxygen transport mechanisms during growth and development)
83
Altitude Training
live high, train high * body not used to low levels and they cant train as hard
live high, train low * you can train harder at low levels
hypoxia tents
84
o2 % saturation
100-96-normal levels
89-88- wiil need to have supplement at o2
80% stop testing
85
High Altitude Illnesses
acute mountain sickness (AMS)
high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)
high altitude cerebral edema (HACE)
86
acute mountain sickness (AMS)
| will not killl you will just suck
o symptoms: severe headache, fatigue, irritability, nausea, loss of appetite, indigestion, flatulence,
constipation, vomiting, sleep disturbance
87
high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)
| fluid aroudn the lugns
o symptoms: very rapid breathing and heart rate, breathlessness, cough producing pink frothy sputum, bluecolored
skin due to low blood oxygen content
88
high altitude cerebral edema (HACE)
| fluid build up aroudn the brain will kill you in 48hr
o symptoms: staggering gait, loss of upper body coordination, severe weakness, ashen skin color (bluish
hue), confusion, drowsiness, mental impairment, loss of consciousness, coma
89
Incidence Rates of High Altitude Illnesses in Unacclimatized Individuals
acute mountain sickness (AMS):
high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE):
high altitude cerebral edema (HACE):
90
acute mountain sickness (AMS):
o moderate altitudes: 0-20%
o high altitudes: 20-60%
o very high altitudes: 50-80%
91
high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE):
o less than 10% of those ascending above 12,000 feet
92
high altitude cerebral edema (HACE):
o less than 2% of those ascending above 12,000 feet
93
Altitude Classifications
low altitude: less than 5,000 feet
moderate altitude: 5,000 – 8,000 feet
high altitude: 8,000 – 14,000 feet
very high altitude: greater than 14,000 feet
94
Acclimatization
generally takes about 7-12 days at the given altitude
| acclimatization is key to decreasing susceptibility to altitude illness and maximizing physical/cognitive performance
95
acclimatization is reflected by:
o absence of altitude illness
o improved physical performance
o progressive increase in SaO2
96
Recommendations
ascend slowly and climb with an experienced guide
conduct climb in stages (if moving to 10,000 feet or higher, limit rate of ascent to 1,000 feet per day)
o investigate specific staging guidelines for various types of ascents
avoid dehydration, overexertion, and hypothermia (don’t forget about increased sunburn risk)
eat a ↑ carbohydrate diet to reduce symptoms of acute mountain sickness
ask a physician 4 medications as preventive
97
Where Did Exercise Physiology Begin?
difficult to pinpoint an exact time
| the health benefits of regular physical activity/movement have been understood (by some) dating back to antiquity
98
beginning in the Renaissance,
great strides were made in science (including the study and understanding of anatomy/physiology) and many long-held axioms (established by the ancient Greeks and Romans) were refuted
o represented a clash: belief & tradition (old paradigm) vs. reason and observation (new paradigm)
o examples:
Vesalius (anatomy), Copernicus (astronomy), Magellan (exploration)
99
by the 1800s
(maybe a little earlier), physiologists and those in medicine used exercise and physical activity to
study the body’s responses to various physical stressors and better understand human physiology
o first textbooks related to the physiology of exercise were published in the late 1800s
o some of the first research articles related to exercise physiology were published in 1898 (American Journal
of Physiology) followed by more in the early 1900s (Physiological Reviews and Annual Review of
Physiology)
100
by the early 1900s,
organized sport was gaining popularity and physical educators and physiologists were involved
in studying methods to enhance performance and physical/physiological hygiene
the “first exercise revolution” in the U.S. began in the late 1800s due to the influence of YMCAs (and other “health”clubs) and circus/carnival strongmen of the era
101
Random
there may have been a few that predate this period
o exercise physiology emerged from a combination of physiology, medicine and physical education
o early focus was on exercise/environmental physiology as it pertained to healthy and athletic populations
o the “field” of exercise physiology began almost exclusively as a research discipline
today, research is still a major component of exercise physiology but there are also many “applied”
components (including within the clinical realm)
102
o United States EXP
early laboratories
Harvard University
o first exercise physiology laboratory (1891-1899) and degree program
o Harvard Fatigue Lab (1927-1946)
George Williams College (1923), University of Illinois (1925), Springfield College (1927)
institutions of higher learning/education (i.e., colleges and universities)
numerous educational programs and research laboratories were established in the middle
part of the 20th Century (many by individuals associated with the Harvard Fatigue Lab)
professional organizations (research, education, policy-making, etc.)
American College of Sports Medicine (1954)
American Physiological Society (1887)
103
Europe EXP
many countries (notably Scandinavian/Nordic) contributed to the exercise physiology knowledge
base in the 20th Century (especially in the 1950s, 60s, and 70s…..and before) through empirical
and novel research
104
clinical exercise physiology emerged in the late 1960s to early 1970s (roughly)
prior to that, exercise was not deemed beneficial, and potentially harmful, to many people with
different chronic diseases by much of the medical/scientific community
105
exercise for health/fitness probably did not gain significant momentum until the 1960s and 1970s
the “second exercise revolution” probably had something to do with the following:
aerobic exercise
strength training
106
aerobic exercise:
endurance performance, weight loss, and health management
o publication of Kenneth Cooper’s Aerobics
o the running boom inspired by Steve Prefontaine, Frank Shorter, Bill Rodgers, and
Jim Fixx
o publicity of health benefits of regular aerobic exercise
107
strength training:
muscular hypertrophy, strength increase, and functional enhancement
o the bodybuilding craze
o Olympic weightlifting (Bob Hoffman and York Barbell)
o founding of Nautilus (known for its strength training machines) by Arthur Jones
o Jack LaLanne and Joe Weider (these two got going in the 1930s)
108
Exercise Physiology Today
READ
109
`The Future of Exercise Physiology
READ
110
in the early days (1970s and 80s) of the exercise physiologist as a practitioner in the clinical setting, an exercise
physiologist’s practice was typically in the clinical realm in a rehabilitative setting related to:
o cardiovascular disease (cardiac rehab)
o pulmonary disease (pulmonary rehab)
o metabolic disease (diabetes)
111
Regulation
certification
licensure
registration/registry
112
certification
o anyone/anything can certify anyone in/as whatever they want
o has nothing to do with the law
o certifications range from “credible” to having zero credibility
virtually all exercise-related credentials (except academic degrees) are certifications
consider the term certified in the following two examples:
= a certified personal trainer
= a [board] certified cardiologist
113
licensure
o purpose is protection
protection of the public from harm
protection of a professional’s practice and scope of practice
o usually regulated by state governments (i.e., the law) in conjunction with the associated
profession/professional organization
o highest level of regulation (credibility is implied)
o examples: physical therapy, medicine, law
114
what state has EXP licensure
Louisiana
achieved this in 1994 via a pro-exercise physiologist state senator
a good first step, but it was not all it was envisioned it would be
115
registration/registry
```
o nebulous term describing a function/purpose ranging from that of licensure (e.g., athletic training, dietetics)
to certification (e.g., ACSM Registered Clinical Exercise Physiologist - RCEP) to a simple list (i.e., registry)
```
116
Topics Related to Regulation
educational accreditation
o quality assurance process under which services and operations of educational institutions or programs are
evaluated by an external body to determine if applicable standards are met
READ
117
Professional Development
READ
118
alien Article
READ half way done
