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SLHS 302 > Exam 3 (Final) > Flashcards

Exam 3 (Final) Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Absolute threshold

A

A listener’s ability to detect the presence of a tone (sinusoid) at various frequencies

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2
Q

Difference threshold

A

A listener’s ability to detect a change in either frequency or level of a tone (sinusoid)

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3
Q

Audibility threshold graph

A

a plot of just barely audible tones of varying frequencies

Measurements vary depending on which speaker or headphones are used

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4
Q

Weber’s law for differential selectivity

A

the weber fraction is often the same (constant) for all values of a physical parameter to be discriminated

the just-noticeable difference (JND, Dw) that could be detected was proportional to the smaller weight value (w)

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5
Q

Frequency weber fraction

A

Frequency JND is the smallest change in frequency (Δf) that can be perceived

X-axis: frequency (Hz)
Y-axis: difference threshold (Δf) in dB

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6
Q

Intensity weber fraction

A

Intensity JND is the smallest change in intensity (ΔI) that can be perceived

Best JNDs for sound level are ~1dB for sound levels above 20 dB SPL
Small improvement in discrimination as SPL increases is referred to as the “near miss to Weber’s law”

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7
Q

Masking relationship to signal

A

farther from masker, less masking occurs

closer a masker is in frequency to the signal, more masking occurs

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8
Q

psychophysical tuning curve

A

a frequency map of the masker sound levels needed to mask a fixed signal

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9
Q

masking pattern

A

a frequency map of the signal sound levels that are just detectable in the presence of a fixed masker

  • Fix the intensity at a specific frequency
  • Other frequencies will change
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10
Q

Asymmetry of masking or upward spread

A

Masking is much stronger for signals at frequencies above the masker than below

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11
Q

Broadband noise

A

fills up the internal auditory filter (AF) so its the filter BW matters

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12
Q

Narrower noise

A

has all power within the auditory filter, so the noise BW matters

Less maskining (easier to detect) as noise bandwidth gets smaller

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13
Q

Critical ratio (CR) filter

A

in the case of tone detection in broadband noise

Detection occurs at a fixed signal to noise ratio

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14
Q

Critical band (CB) filter

A

in the case of tone detection in narrowband noise

When the noise BW is smaller than the auditory bandwidth masking will increasing as BW noise gets bigger until BW noise= BW AF

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15
Q

Notched Noise, equivalent rectangular bandwidth (ERB) filter

A

generally accepted as the most reliable filter

Varying the notch width of band-reject noise varies the amount of noise within the auditory filter and controls the amount of masking (wider notch width, less noise, less masking)
- Detection thresholds measured as a function of notch width

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16
Q

Consistent findings from ERB

A

Filter BW increases as center frequency increases
- Consistent with neural tuning BWs

Filter BW increases as sound level increases
- Reduction in OHC amplification as SPL increases (protecting the ear)

Filter BWs are broader in listeners with sensorineural hearing loss

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17
Q

binaural hearing

A

The fact that we can listen with 2 ears provides two main functional benefits

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18
Q

Three primary acoustic cues for horizontal sound localization

A

ILD
ITD
Spectral cues

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19
Q

ILD (Interval level difference)

A

Prominent at high frequencies

The difference in level (intensity) between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other

Frequencies > 1000Hz
Head blocks some of the energy reaching the opposite ear

ILD is largest at 90 and-90 degrees
Nonexistent for 0 and 180 degrees

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20
Q

ITD (Interval time difference)

A

Prominent at low frequencies

ITD for sound sources varying in azimuth (horizontal)
Peak of graph, directly opposite the RE

ITD time differences for different positions around the head

90 degrees= 640us
180 degrees= 0us
Can vary depending on the size of the head

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21
Q

Spectral cues from pinna

A

Most prominent as direction-dependent spectral notches at high frequencies
Seen in HRTFs

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22
Q

Duplex theory of localization

A

ITD used at low frequencies
ILD used at high frequencies

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23
Q

Head related transfer functions (HRTFs)

A

A measure that describes how the pinna, ear canal, head and torso change the intensity of sounds with different frequencies that arrive at each ear from different locations in space (azimuth and elevation)

Each person has their own HRTF (based on their body) and uses it to help sound localization

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24
Q

binaural masking level differences (BMLDs)

A

Comparisons of tone-detection-in-noise performance across different combinations of signals and masker being the same or different at the two ears

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25
Monotic
Signal and masker same Poor signal detection
26
Diotic
Signal and masker are the same at both ears Poor signal detection
27
Dichotic
Signal different (only one ear) Masker same at both ears Good signal detection
28
Subjective measures of sound
loudness and pitch
29
Objective measures of sound
threshold for intensity and frequency
30
Loudness
attribute of auditory sensation in terms of which sounds can be ordered on a scale extending from quiet to loud
31
Pitch
the auditory attribute of sound according to which sounds can be ordered on a scale from low to high
32
Phon
level in dB SPL of an equally loud 1-kHz tone (the reference is the loudness of a fixed level 1 kHz tone)
33
Sone
1 sone is defined as the loudness of a 1000 Hz tone presented at 40 dB SPL (=40 phons) 1 sone is equal to 40 phons also called loudness scaling
34
Loudness recruitment
steeper growth in loudness with elevated thresholds People with cochlear hearing loss also show this more rapid increase in loudness Important in fitting hearing aids Need gain at low sound levels to provide audibility
35
Fundamental frequency (F0)
lowest frequency of harmonic spectrum Auditory system is acutely sensitive to natural relationships between harmonics
36
Missing fundamental effect (missing F0)
The pitch a listener hears corresponds to F0 even if it is missing Periodicity information is still available so it can still be heard
37
General theories for pitch perception
Temporal theory Spectral theory (template matching)
38
Temporal theory
Pitch can be estimated from the temporal periodicity of complex sounds Temporal periodicity is unaffected by missing fundamental
39
Spectral theory (template matching)
Pitch can be estimated from the frequency spacing of harmonics Even if the fundamental (or other harmonics) are missing, this can still work by finding the best F0 to match the harmonic spacing Any random set of harmonics can produce pitch
40
Resolved harmonics
Because apical (low-frequency) filters have small bandwidths, they only pass individual harmonics (pure tones) This allows spectral theories to work well for low harmonic numbers
41
Unresolved harmonics
Because basal (medium-high) frequency filters have larger bandwidths, they pass several harmonics (which interact to create modulations, periodicity at F0) Allows for temporal theories to work well for medium-high harmonic numbers - But a less salient pitch
42
Timbre
subjective attribute of sound psychological sensation by which listeners can judge that two sounds with the same fundamental loudness and pitch are dissimilar Conveyed by spectral shape of harmonics and other frequencies
43
Motor theory of speech perception
Motor processes used to produce speech sounds are used in reverse to understand the acoustic speech signal Supported by McGurk Effect - McGurk and MacDonald showed that what someone sees can affect what they hear
44
Statistical learning
certain sounds (making words) are more likely to occur together and babies are sensitive to those probabilities
45
2 types of assessment techniques
Behavioral and Electrophysiologic
46
behavioral assessment
Patient has to respond - Raise hand when you hear beep - Repeat the word/sentence Involves the entire auditory system and brain
47
electrophysiologic assessment
No response required from patient - sit/lie quietly - Relax or sleep in armchair Measures specific aspects of auditory function - TM, middle ear - OHC - Brainstem, cortex
48
Goals of audiologic assessment
Degree of hearing loss Type of hearing loss - Site of lesion and/or cause of the problem Configuration of hearing loss - Flat, sloping, etc Impact of hearing loss on the individual Patient’s needs
49
Air conduction (AC) testing
Tests entire auditory system - Outer, middle and inner ear Uses earphones - Threshold: level where tone is just detectable 50% of the time
50
Bone conduction (BC) testing
Tests the inner ear (cochlea) and beyond directly by vibrating skull bones and contents Uses a bone oscillator (vibrator) - Another threshold test With AC testing, determines the location of the problem - Outer or middle ear vs inner ear
51
Degrees of Hearing Loss
Normal (10-25 dB) Mild (36-40 dB) Moderate (41-55 dB)
52
Conductive hearing loss (CHL)
Disorder in outer or middle ear - Will have a normal inner ear Can be treated medically Impaired AC thresholds and normal BC thresholds result in air-bone gap Difference in threshold between air and bone
53
Conductive mechanism
outer and middle ear “conduct” sounds to the inner ear
54
CHL communication difficulties
Problems with conductive mechanism leads to loss of amplification Usually need additional volume Speech understanding is relatively unaffected
55
Causes of CHL
Cerumen occlusion External otitis TM perfoations Ossicular damage Otitis media - Ear infection, fluid in ear Middle ear tumors
56
Sensorineural hearing loss (SHL)
Disorder in inner ear (sensory loss) - Will have normal and middle ear AC and BC thresholds measure the same inner ear disorder No air-bone gap Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is usually permanent and can’t be treated medically
57
Senorineural mechanism
inner ear (sensory) and nerve (neutral)
58
SHL communication difficulties
Problems with delicate cochlear mechanism Frequency coding Intensity coding Leads to loss of volume Leads to decreased speech understanding (distortion) Increased difficulty in noise Tinnitus
59
SHL causes
Age (presbycusis) Noise exposure Trauma Genetics Maternal infections Structural malformations Illness/infections Ototoxic drugs Tumors of the VIII nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve)
60
Mixed Hearing Loss
Disorder in outer or middle ear and inner ear Impaired AC thresholds - Measure effects of both problems Impaired BC thresholds - Measure effects of inner ear disorder only Results in air bone gap, but BC thresholds are not normal
61
causes of mixed hearing loss
Any combo of outer or middle ear and inner ear disorder - Excess cerument and noise induced HL - Ear infection and age related HL
62
(Central) Auditory Processing Disorder
Normal peripheral hearing sensitivity - Normal outer, middle and inner ear Normal AC and BC thresholds Difficulty in challenging listening environments Comprehension goes down with background noise Poor perfomance on degraded speech tests
63
Auditory Neuropathy
Disorder in the neural mechanism - Inner hair cell to VIII nerve transmission or VIII nerve itself Audiometrically presents at SNHL AC and BC thresholds measure the same neural disorder No air bone gap
64
Communication difficulties and causes of auditory neuropathy
Communication difficulties - Extreme difficulty in understanding speech - Poorer than expected based on audiogram Causes - Unknown - Risk factor: stay in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at birth

SLHS 302 (3 decks)

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