Exam 3 (Final) Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
List the structures involved in the top-down control of voluntary movement:
A
2
Q
Upper motor neurons deliver signals to
A
brainstem and spinal interneurons and lower motor neurons (LMNs)
3
Q
Lower motor neurons transmit signals to
A
skeletal muscles, eliciting contraction of skeletal muscle fibers
4
Q
What movement is produced by the C5 myotome?
A
elbow flexion
5
Q
What movement is produced by the C6 myotome?
A
wrist extension
6
Q
What movement is produced by the C7 myotome?
A
elbow extension
7
Q
What movement is produced by the C8 myotome?
A
flexion of the tip of the middle finger
8
Q
What movement is produced by the T1 myotome?
A
finger abduction
9
Q
Describe the adaptation of muscle structure to being in a shortened position for months.
A
the connective tissue within the muscle loses elasticity and thickens and the biceps loses sarcomeres
10
Q
Describe the adaptation of muscle structure to being in a lengthened position for months.
A
the muscle will add new sarcomeres
11
Q
What are the four tracts for relaying signals for postural and gross movements?
A
- Reticulospinal
- Medial vestibulospinal
- Lateral vestibulospinal
- Medial corticospinal
12
Q
A tract that:
Begins: in the reticular formation
Decussates: spinal cord
Activate: automatic movement, walking, postural control, etc
Terminate: spinal cord
A
Reticulospinal
13
Q
A tract that:
Begins: medial vestibular nucleus
Decussates: medulla
Activate: controls head movement and postural stability
Terminate: spinal cord
A
Medial vestibulospinal
14
Q
A tract that:
Begins: Lateral vestibular nucleus
Decussates: does not
Activate: postural control and balance of extensor muscles
Terminate: ventral horn
A
Lateral vestibulospinal
15
Q
A tract that:
Begins: primary motor cortex
Decussates: does not
Activate: voluntary control of gross movements
Terminate: ventral horn
A
Medial corticospinal
16
Q
Signs of UMN lesions:
A
- Paresis and paralysis
- Impaired selective motor control
- Absent or decreased muscle tone (flaccidity and hypotonia)
17
Q
Common causes of UMN lesions:
A
stroke
spinal cord injury
spastic cerebral palsy
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
18
Q
Describe & recognize abnormal movement patterns, including reflexes present in UMN syndrome:
A
Babinski sign- big toe extends when the sole of the foot is stroked from the heel to the ball of the foot
19
Q
Excessive reflex response to muscle stretch
A
hyperreflexia
20
Q
Adaptive shortening and stiffening of muscle, caused by the muscle remaining in a shortened position for prolonged periods of time
A
muscle contracture
21
Q
Muscle contraction that is excessive for the task
A
muscle overactivity
22
Q
Amount of tension in resting muscle
A
muscle tone
23
Q
Adaptive changes within muscle secondary to a UMN lesion and/or prolonged positioning
A
myoplasticity
24
Q
Decreased or lost ability to generate the level of force required for a task
A
paresis/paralysis
25
Excessive resistance to stretch of a muscle
spasticity
26
Involuntary muscle contraction that contributes to spasticity
UMN dystonia
27
Compare these gain of function signs in UMN syndrome: hypertonia, spasticity, and rigidity:
Hypertonia: abnormally strong resistance to passive stretch
Spasticity:
Rigidity: causes increased resistance to movement in all skeletal muscles throughout the body
28
Describe the tracts that relay signals for limb-selective motor control and distal movements. Include where the tract starts and terminates, identify if and where the tract decussates, and the results of activation.
29
Describe the functional arrangement of neurons in the primary motor
cortex:
30
Describe the function of the raphespinal tract and give examples of how activation affects motor output:
modulates motor control through serotonin
(Example: During exercise, the raphespinal tract is activated, increasing serotonin release to facilitate muscle tone and motor coordination, making movements more fluid and efficient. In contrast, during sleep, serotonin levels drop, leading to muscle relaxation and reduced motor activity).
31
Describe the function of the ceruleospinal tract and give examples of how activation affects motor output:
modulates motor activity through the release of norepinephrine
(Example: During a stressful or frightening situation, the ceruleospinal tract is activated, releasing norepinephrine and increasing muscle tone throughout the body preparing it for a fight or flight response.
32
Define feedforward and use the terms to describe a functional task:
prepares the body for the movement of a task.
(Ex. before a standing person reaches forward, the gastrocnemius muscle contracts to prevent the loss of balance that would otherwise occur when the center of gravity changes).
33
Define feedback and use the terms to describe a functional task:
information about the state of the system.
(Ex. if a person slips while walking on ice, they get feedback from proprioceptors, vestibular receptors, and vision).
34
What are the three classifications of movement:
* Posture
* Walking
* Reaching/grasping
35
provides orientation and balance (equilibrium)
posture
36
self-propel a person from one place to another place
walking
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locating the object in space and assessing the shape and size of the object
reaching/grasping
38
Describe the role of vision and somatosensation in reaching/grasping:
1. coordinated the activity with the eyes, head, and trunk
2. contact the object
3. somatosensory information switch grasp to lift
39
a type of receptor that responds the entire time a stimulus is present (Ex. holding a cup, receptors are firing the entire time).
tonic receptors
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a type of receptor that adapts to a constant stimulus and stops responding while the stimulus is still present (Ex. putting on a watch and not perceiving it's on your wrist unless you look at it)
phasic receptors
41
C5 spinal level dermatome is innervated by which nerve
axillary nerve
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C6 spinal level dermatome is innervated by which nerve
musculocutaneous and radial nerves
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C7 spinal level dermatome is innervated by which nerve
radial and musculocutaneous nerves
44
C8 spinal level dermatome is innervated by which nerve
median nerve
45
T1 spinal level dermatome is innervated by which nerve
ulnar nerve
46
Explain the clinical relevance of impaired dermatome versus
peripheral sensory patterns:
Sensory loss in a specific dermatomal pattern suggests that the lesion is affecting a particular nerve root or spinal cord segment.
Impairment in peripheral nerve patterns often suggests a lesion at a more distal site, affecting the nerve after it has branched from the spinal root
47
Describe the stimulus detected by Golgi tendon organs:
detect changes in muscle tension or force during contraction by helping to prevent excessive force that could damage the muscle or tendon
48
What are the three types of pathways for bringing sensory
information from the body to the brain.
* Conscious relay pathways
* Divergent pathways
* Nonconscious relay pathways
49
A pathway that conveys light touch, proprioceptive, nociceptive, and temperature information.
Conscious relay pathways
50
A pathway that slow nociceptive (pain) is transmitted through
Divergent pathway
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A pathway that conveys movement-related information to the cerebellum
Nonconscious relay pathways
52
light touch and conscious
proprioception pathway (Dorsal column):
1st neuron: DRG
2nd neuron: nucleus cuneatus/gracilis
3rd neuron: thalamus
decussates in the medulla
53
Explain the clinical relevance of the somatotopic map in the
primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus):
localizing sensory deficits following a stroke or brain injury, allowing clinicians to pinpoint the affected area of the brain based on the pattern of sensory loss in specific body regions.
54
Describe the pathway for relaying fast nociception and
temperature and crude touch from the body to the cerebral cortex. Include where each neuron starts and terminates and identify where the information decussates:
Chapter 11
55
Explain divergence as it pertains to the somatosensory system:
56
Explain the clinical importance of the distinction between
nociception and pain:
57
Describe the pathways for relaying slow nociception from the
body to the brainstem, midbrain, and emotion system. Include where each neuron starts and terminates and identify where the information decussates:
58
Predict distributions of sensory impairments from a lesion that
affects either the right or left half of the spinal cord:
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Predict the location of a spinal cord lesion from the distribution of sensory impairments:
60
Compare the types of pain experience associated with the lateral and the medial nociceptive systems:
61
What are the four functions of the cranial nerves?
1. Supply motor innervation to muscles
2. Transmit somatosensory information
3. Transmit special sensory information
4. Provide parasympathetic regulation
62
Cranial nerve I:
Olfactory:
Function- smell
Brain Connection- inferior frontal lobe
63
Cranial nerve II:
Optic:
Function-Vision
Brain Connection- diencephalon
64
Cranial nerve III:
Oculomotor:
Function-moving eyes, constrict pupil
Brain Connection- anterior midbrain
65
Cranial nerve IV:
Trochlear:
Function- moves eye medial and down, constricts the pupil
Brain Connection- posterior midbrain
66
Cranial nerve V:
Trigeminal:
Function- facial sensation, chewing
Brain Connection- Pons
67
Cranial nerve VI:
Abducens:
Function- abduct eyes
Brain Connection- between pons and medulla
68
Cranial nerve VII:
Facial:
Function- facial expressions, tears, close eyes, taste, salvation
Brain Connection: between the pons and the medulla
69
Cranial nerve VIII:
Vestibulocochlear:
Function- hearing, position of head
Brain Connection: between the pons and the medulla
70
Cranial nerve IX:
Glossopharyngeal:
Function- swallowing, taste, salivation
Brain Connection: medulla
71
Cranial nerve X:
Vagus:
Function- taste, swallowing, and speech
Brain Connection: medulla
72
Cranial nerve XI:
Accessory:
Function- elevates shoulders and turns head
Brain Connection: spinal cord
73
Cranial nerve XII:
Hypoglossal:
Function- moves tongue
Brain Connection: medulla
74
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the pupillary reflexes?
optic
75
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the vestibulo-ocular reflexes?
oculomotor
abducens
vestibulocochlear
76
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the gag reflexes?
glossopharyngeal
vagus
77
What are the deficits associated with the cranial nerve I (olfactory)?
inability to sense smell (anosmia)
78
What are the deficits associated with the cranial nerve V (trigeminal)?
anesthesia
79
What are the deficits associated with the cranial nerve VII (facial)?
paralysis/paresis of the facial muscles (inability to close one eye)
80
What are the deficits associated with the cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear)?
inability to hear (deafness)
81
What are the deficits associated with the cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal)?
inability to swallow, decreased salivation
82
What are the deficits associated with the cranial nerve X (vagus)?
difficulty speaking and swallowing
83
What are the deficits associated with the cranial nerve XI (accessory)?
flaccid paralysis of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
84
What are the deficits associated with the cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal)?
poor tongue control, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), and speaking
85
Identify the cranial nerve that can transmit information directly to
the cortex, bypassing the thalamus
olfactory (CN I)
86
What are the effects of a cortical lesion on the facial muscles?
inability to smile or raise eyelids
87
What are the effects of a UMN lesion on the facial muscles?
inability to smile or raise the lower lip
88
What are the 3 types of memory?
1. working memory
2. declarative memory
3. procedural memory
89
memory that maintains goal-relevant information for a short time.
working memory
90
What areas are activated during working memory?
prefrontal cortex
temporoparietal association cortex
91
memory that recollects events, locations, facts, and concept
declarative memory
92
What areas are activated during declarative memory?
lateral prefrontal cortex
medial temporal lobe
93
memory that refers. to the recall of skills and habits
procedural memory
94
What areas are activated during procedural memory?
frontal cortex
thalamus
basal ganglia
95
What are the 4 aspects of consciousness?
1. level of arousal
2. attention
3. selection of object attention, based on goals
4. motivation and initiation for motor activity and cognition
96
What neurotransmitter is associated with the first aspect of consciousness (level of arousal)?
serotonin
97
What neurotransmitter is associated with the second aspect of consciousness (attention)?
norepinephrine
98
What neurotransmitter is associated with the third aspect of consciousness (selection of object attention, based on goals)?
acetylcholine
99
What neurotransmitter is associated with the fourth aspect of consciousness (motivation and initiation for motor activity and cognition)?
dopamine
100
A disorder that shows difficulty sustaining attention with onset during childhood
ADHD
101
What are some symptoms of ADHD?
inattention
impulsiveness
102
What are the 3 types of ADHD?
1. Inattention type
2. Hyperactive impulsive type
3. Combined
103
What are the primary symptoms of Frontotemporal dementia?
Onset: 45-65 years old
Symptoms: personality changes, behavior disturbances, language impairment
104
What are the primary symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?
Onset: 65 years old
Symptoms: memory loss, cognitive decline, disorientation, confusion
105
What cortical areas are designated as prefrontal association areas?
* Lateral prefrontal cortex
* Medial prefrontal cortex
* Ventral prefrontalcortex
106
What is the function of the lateral prefrontal cortex?
goal-directed behavior
107
What is the function of the medial prefrontal cortex?
emotions and self-awareness
108
What is the function of the ventral prefrontal cortex?
regulate mood (social behavior and decision-making)
109
What are the impairments associated with the lateral prefrontal cortex?
110
What are the impairments associated with the medial prefrontal cortex?
111
What are the impairments associated with the ventral prefrontal cortex?
112
Where is the temporoparietal association area located?
113
What are the functions of the temporoparietal association area?
cognitive intelligence
understanding communication, directing attention, and comprehending space
114
Where is Wernicke's area located?
left temporal lobe
115
Where is Broca's area located?
left frontal lobe
116
What is the function of Wernicke's area?
language comprehension
*meaningless sound output
117
What is the function of Broca's area?
difficulty producing normal language
*difficulty expressing oneself
118
What is the function of the Corticospinal tract?
voluntary motor control (moves trunk and limbs)
119
Where does the corticospinal tract decussate?
medulla
120
What is the function of the dorsal column?
fine touch, proprioception, and vibrations
121
What is the function of the spinothalamic tract?
pain, temperature, crude touch
122
Where does the spinothalamic decussate?
spinal cord (anterior commissure)
123
What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?
balance, posture, and head movements
124
What are the three functions of the reticular formation?
1. Integrates sensory and cortical information
2. Regulates somatic motor activity, autonomic function, and consciousness
3. Modulates nociceptive information
125
What are the major reticular nuclei?
* Ventral tegmental area
* Pedunculopontine nucleus
* Raphe nuclei
* Locus coeruleus and the medial reticular area
126
What are the tests used for oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerve lesions?
dynamic visual acuity test
vestibulo-ocular reflex test
127
A test that tests the patient’s ability to maintain gaze on an object while the head is moving.
dynamic visual acuity test
128
A test where you ask the patient to read an eye chart while you passively rotate the patient’s head at a frequency of 2 turns per second
vestibulo-ocular reflex test
129
What are the functions of the cerebellum?
adjust posture and coordinate movements
130
Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract:
coordinates motor control about body movements
131
DR >DRG > DH >
132
Why are motor signs of cerebellar damage ipsilateral?
* Information in spinocerebellar afferents comes from ipsilateral sources.
* Cerebellar efferents to most of the medial upper motor neurons remain ipsilateral.
* Cerebellar efferents project to the contralateral cerebral cortex.
133
the ability of neurons to change their function, chemical profile (quantities and types of neurotransmitters produced), and/or structure
neuroplasticity
134
Examples of neuroplasticity:
* Habituation
* Experience-dependent plasticity: learning and memory
* Recovery and maladaptation after injury
135
What are two types of experience-dependent plasticity associated
with learning and memory?
1. Synaptic plasticity
long-term potentiation (LTP)
long-term depression (LTD)
2. Structural plasticity
136
Compare and contrast central and peripheral nervous system
recovery following injury:
CNS:
limited regeneration
incomplete/partial recovery
rehabilitation
PNS:
high capacity regeneration
can make a full recovery
complete recovery of function
137
pain that lasts or recurs for longer than 3 months
chronic pain
138
A type of chronic pain that arises independently of other conditions.
primary chronic pain
(migraines
139
A type of chronic pain that arises as a consequence of another condition.
secondary chronic pain
(ex. osteoarthritis)
140
a process in which the central nervous system (spinal cord and brain) becomes hyperreactive to pain signals
central sensitization
141
Describe the different contributors to neuropathic pain.
* Central sensitization
* Ectopic foci
* Ephaptic transmission
142
pain arising as a direct consequence of a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system
neuropathic pain
143
pain caused by damage to the CNS, and pain will be felt in the part of the body that corresponds to the lesioned brain or spinal cord area.
central neuropathic pain
144
pain caused by injury or disease of the peripheral nerves resulting in sensory abnormalities (paresthesia)
peripheral neuropathic pain
145
The circle of Willis:
1. anterior cerebral arteries
2. anterior communicating artery
3. middle cerebral artery
4. posterior communicating arteries
5. posterior cerebral artery
6. Basilar artery
146
Explain the principle of the biopsychosocial model of pain:
pain is a complex and subjective experience influenced by:
Biological factors
Psychological factors
Social factors
147
occurs when a particular spinal nerve or segment of the spinal cord is disrupted.
segmental dysfunction
148
occurs due to injuries or lesions in the spinal cord, such as those caused by trauma, tumors, infections, or degenerative diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis, spinal cord infarction)
Vertical tract dysfunction
