exam 3- fish and homeostasis Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
Multiple species of aquatic vertebrates
A
fishes
2
Q
one species of aquatic vertebrate
A
fish
3
Q
organs that extract oxygen from water
A
gills
4
Q
group of fish known for scavenging and secreting slime; myxini
A
hagfishes
5
Q
group of fish known for being parasitic and sucking blood; petromyzontidia
A
lampreys
6
Q
group of fish with fins supported by bony rays
A
ray-finned fish
7
Q
group of fish with skeletons made of carilage
A
cartilaginous fishes
8
Q
groups of fish with fins supported by fleshy lobes
A
lobe-finned fishes
9
Q
extinct group of fish that gave rise to jawed fish (gnathostomes)
A
ostracoderms
10
Q
jawless fish
A
agnathostomes
11
Q
group of agnathostomes
A
acanthodians and osteichthyes
12
Q
clades of osteichythyes
A
actinopterygii and sarcopterygii
13
Q
bodies shaped for efficient movement through water
A
streamlines bodies
14
Q
sense organ that detects changes in water pressure
A
lateral line system
15
Q
balance of water and solute concentrations
A
osmotic equilibrium
16
Q
migrating from the sea to freshwater to breed
A
anadromous
17
Q
substance that prevents blood from clotting (lampreys)
A
anticoagulant
18
Q
thickened areas of the mouth used for grinding food for chondrichthyes who eat mussels, crustaceans, and deep sea snails
A
tooth pads
19
Q
electroreceptor organs in chondrichthyes
A
ampullae of lorenzini
20
Q
egg case of a skate or ray
A
mermaids purse
21
Q
stingrays have and skates dont
A
viviparous, stinging spine
22
Q
skates have and stingrays dont
A
oviparous, thorny projections, and no spine
23
Q
large, bony scales found on lungfish and sturgeon, square with square rings inside
A
ganoid scales
24
Q
tail with an unequal upper and lower lobe for fast swimming
A
heterocercal tail
25
tail shaped like crescent moon for fast swimming
lunate tail
26
tail with a symmetrical upper and lower lobe
diphycercal tail
27
why did placoderms have bony structures behind their eyes
pressure increased as they dived deeper into the ocean
28
which clade consists of angler fish, baracuda, and sunfish
actinopterygii
29
what order of sharks include wobbegong, whale shark, nurse, and zebra
orectolobiformes
30
These fishes have what kind of scales? Bass, perch, sunfish
ctenoid
31
jawed fish
gnathostomes
32
extinct group of fish that resembled modern sharks
placoderms
33
group of cartilaginous fishes: sharks, skates, and rays
chondrichthyes
34
order of sharks that include great white, mako, and sand tiger
lamniformes
35
order of sharks that include tiger, hammerheads, blue, and bull
carcharhiniformes
36
creation of a vacuum in the mouth to draw in prey
bucal suction
37
giving birth to live young
viviparous
38
laying eggs
oviparous
39
developing embryos feed on yolk inside the mother
ovoviviparous
40
group of ray-finned fishes with extreme jaw mods
actinopterygii
41
group of lobe-finned fishes like lungishes and coelecanths
sarcopterygii
42
organ that helps fish control buoyancy
swim bladder
43
small, tooth-like scales found on sharks and rays
placoid scales
44
scales with growth rings found on carp and trout, mushroom shaped
cycloid scales
45
scales with a cone on the backside found on bass and perch, pointy on one end
ctenoid scales
46
skin teeth for placoid scales that prevent attachment of organisms
dermal denticles
47
fatty structure that covers and protects the eye
adipose eyelid
48
narroe fleshy part of the body before the tail
caudal peduncle
49
structure in the stomach of sharks that maximizes absorption time
spiral valve
50
why do sarcopterygii still exist if they have an evolutionary relationship to tetrapods?
isolation, lack of predators, adaptive traits that reflect ability to adapt to environment (can breathe in and out of water)
51
These fishes have what kind of scales? Sharks, skates, rays
placoid
52
These fishes have what kind of scales? Lungish, sturgeon, and gars
ganoid
53
These fishes have what kind of scales? Herring, carp, trout
cycloid
54
Openings on the sides of fish for water to exit after passing through the gills
gill slits
55
sense of smell in fish
olfaction
56
sensory systme in fish for detencting mechanical stimuli
mechanoreception
57
Sensory system in fish for detecting electrical stimuli
electroreception
58
Sensory system in fish for detecting light and images
vision
59
Nostrils in fish that assist with waterflow to enhance other sensory organs by supplying them directly with oxygen
nares
60
Calcium carbonate structures in fish ears for balance
otoliths
61
Bony structures in ostariophysan fish for sensing vibrations; extensions that create vibraroy connections betweeen semicircular canals and swim bladder
weberian ossicles
62
Ability to determine one's position in fish
orientation
63
Sensory system in fish for long-distance sensing of prey, stimulated by movement of water
lateral lines
64
Electrosensory gels in elasmobranch fish
ampullae of lorenzini
65
How is electroreception used in fish?
to ping placement of other organisms, but is energetically costly
66
Fish that use electromagnetic field as a 6th sense
electric fishes
67
Zigzag bands of voluntary muscle in fish
myomeres
68
Muscle type in fish that is used for sustained swimming
red muscle
69
Muscle type in fish that is used for burst swimming
white muscle
70
Force that propels fish in a direction
thrust
71
Degree of variation from the direction of thrust
yaw
72
why is warm blood directed to eyes and brain?
for better conduction of molecular activity, allows for quicker processing
73
what characteristic allows sharks stay afloat
thier heterocercal tail and squalene
74
what is squalene
lipid found in shark liver that keeps them from sinking
75
Buoyancy organ in bony fish
swim bladder
76
Fish that can gulp and burp to fill their swim bladder with gas (use esophagus)
physostomous
77
Fish that diffuse gas into their swim bladder through the ovale (no connection with esophagus)
physoclistous
78
Respiratory organs in fish composed of thin filaments
gills
79
bony flap covering the gills in fish
operculum
80
Heat exchange to prevent more energy loss in warming, sharing between veins and arteries
countercurrent exchange
81
Structures in fish gills that filter and protect
gill rakers
82
Organ in fish that takes in air from the atmosphere to pass into bloodstream, not used to inflate swim bladder
Labyrinth organ
83
Sensory systems in fish for detecting sound and maintaining equilibrium
hearing and balance
84
Fish species with chemoreception as a major brain activity
hammerheads
85
Ability to maintain balance in fish
equilibrium
86
Maintenance of constant internal environment
homeostasis
87
desired value or level of a variable in homeostasis
set point
88
Maintenance of water balance and solute concentration
osmoregulation
89
Nitrogenous waste product requiring water for elimination
ammonia
90
Regulatory mechanism that stops a process
negative feedback loop
91
Regulatory mechanism that amplifies a process
positive feedback loop
92
Ability of a solution to draw water across a membrane
osmotic pressure
93
Two solutions separated by a membrane with equal osmotic pressure
isomotic
94
Body fluids have higher solute concentration than the
environment
hyperosmotic
95
Body fluids have lower solute concentration than the environment
hypoosmotic
96
Animal that maintains isosmotic condition with the environment
osmoconformer
97
Animal that expends energy to maintain internal solute
concentration different from the environment
osmoregulator
98
Animal that requires a specific salinity level
stenohaline
99
Animal that can tolerate a range of salinity levels
euryhaline
100
How does osmoconformer differ
from regualtor
they do not have physiological ability to adjust interal
environment to external environment
101
what are Sharks, skates, rays, and chimera
chondrichthyes
102
What kind of regulators are chondrichthyes
hyperosmotic regulators
103
Nitrogenous waste product stored in tissues of Chondrichthyes
urea
104
, a compound that protects tissues
in Chondrichthyes, increases concentration of urea
TMAO, trimethylamine oxide
105
bony fishes
osteichthyes
106
what kind of regulators are osteichthyes
hypoosmotic regulators
107
what kind of regulators are freshwater fishes
hyperosmotic regulators
108
Body temperature fluctuates with the environment, more
variation in environment
poikilothermic
109
Maintains constant body temperature regardless of the
environment
homeothermic
110
Relies on the environment to determine body temperature
ectothermic
111
Able to generate heat to elevate body temperature
endothermic
112
Heat exchange mechanism that prevents significant heat
loss in extremities
counter current exchange
113
Adaptive hypothermia that drops internal temperature
during sleep or inactivity
torpor
114
Prolonged and controlled state of dormancy
hibernation
115
Hormone that increases permeability of collecting ducts
to water
vasopressin (ADH)
116
Hormone that causes increased uptake of Na+ by distal
convoluted tubule
aldosterone
117
A regulatory system for blood volume and cardiovascular
resistance, controls the rate blood flows
RAAS
(renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)
118
Organelle that expels excess water gained via osmosis,
most basic excretoyr device. Ex: unicellular organisms,
Porifera, and Cnidaria
contractile vacuole
119
Flame cells of Platyhelminthes that filter fluids and eliminate ammonia; closed system network of channels that
connect through body until it is expelled through pores
pronephridia
120
Excretory organs in Annelids that draw fluid, reabsorb
water and salts, and secrete wastes; open system with
tubules at both end to allow filtering of segments ahead
of each other
methanephridia
121
Excretory organ in arthropods that actively transports
ions and allows water and solutes to flow passively;
closed system that lack blood network, high surface area
to volume ratio suited for life in dry environments
malpighian tubule
122
Vertebrate organ that filters body fluids, reabsorbs needed substances, and secretes substances in urine
kidney
123
examples of osmoregulators in
marine environment
yellow-lipped sea krait, southern unstripped scorpion, 17
yr cicada, marine iguana, hagfish
124
examples of osmoconformers in
marine environment
sunstar, cabbagehead jellyfish, bay scallop, slipper lobster
125
Physiological and behavioral adjustments to regulate
body temperature
Thermal Regulation
126
Basic unit of the vertebrate kidney
nephron
127
Process where blood is forced through the glomerulus
and forms filtrate
filtration
128
Process where substances are actively absorbed from
the filtrate ~60%
tubular reabsorption
129
Process that takes place in distal convoluted where substances are actively added to the forming urine
tubular secretion
130
Creates an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla
loop of henle
131
animals that need constant salinity levels, are commonly
stenohaline osmoconformers, and have a limited ability
to osmoregulate. Ex: reef invertebrate and marine crabs
stable environment invertebrates
132
animals that experience large range of salinities, are euryhaline osmoregulators. Ex: shore crab, periwinkle, and
barnacles
unstable environment invertebrates
133
Low salt in water
resulting in losing
salt and gaining
water
hyperosmotic regulators dilute urine, active transport of
Na+ and Cl- into gills
134
High salt in water
resulting in gaining salt and losing
water
hypoosmotic regulaters concentrate urine, active transport of Na+ and Cl- away from gills
135
. Why don't freshwater fish drink a
lot of water?
Body is hyperosmotic to water, so they gain water through
gills.
136
A gland located near the eye of a reptiles and birds that
excretes excess salt from the animal.
salt gland
137
what does the
length of the loop
of henle determine
strength of osmotic gradient and how much water is absorbed
138
how do animals
in terrestrial environments lose
water
evaportation from respiration and excretion
139
how do animals
in terrestrial environments replace
water
food, drinking water, metabolic water
140
how are kidneys
of birds multifaceted
they have greatly reduced loops of henle because retaining lots of water is not beneficial in flight
141
why is having too
high of an internal
temperature bad
denaturing of proteins and loss of enzymatic functions
142
why is having too
low of an internal
temperature bad
metabolism too slow to support life
143
large organisms lose heat at a slower rate, small animals cool off faster
thermal inertia
144
behavioral adjustments to help regulate body temps. Ex:
expanding surface area to increase heat from sun
ectothermic regulation
145
Thermoregulation that depends on metabolism to reach
optimal body temperature (birds, mammals)
endothermic regulation
146
transfer of heat by the movement of air past a surface
convection
147
The change of a substance from a liquid to a gas to help
cool down
evaporation
148
Heat that is transmitted in the form of rays or waves or
particles.
radiation
149
two fluids move in the same direction causing more energy to be used to heat up
cocurrent flow
150
fluid flowing in parallel tubes but in opposite directions
allowing less energy to be used to heat up
countercurrent flow
