Exam 3

Question 1

Voltage-gated ion channels open when a protein binds to the receptor.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

How do glial cells (i.e., myelin sheath) speed up the firing of neurons?

Answer 2

Glial cells wrap tightly around the axon with myelin, which provides insulation for the axons.

Question 3

The membrane potential (resting potential) is largely set by the Na-K-ATPase pump.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Excitatory synapses cause hyperpolarization of post-synaptic cells.

Answer 4

False

Question 5

Acetylcholine exocytosed from the presynaptic cell travels to the postsynaptic cell to start the action potential in the postsynaptic cell.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Draw a neuron, and label all the parts as described in lecture.

Question 7

Briefly explain why the action potential flows only from the axon hillock to the terminal web.

Answer 7

The action potential originates from the axon hillock which initiates the flow of the action potential because of the presence of higher density voltage-gated ion channels.

Question 8

In the motor end plate, the even that is the immediate trigger for exocytosis is:

Answer 8

Calcium ions

Question 9

The central nervous system (CNS) contains:

Answer 9

There is no correct answer

Question 10

The resting potential of neurons is:

Answer 10

The answer is not on this list

Question 11

When a presynaptic cell contacts a muscle cell, the synapse area is called a motor end plate.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

The receptors in post-synaptic cells are the basis on which the synapse can be defined as inhibitory or excitatory

Answer 12

False

Question 13

The cell body refers to the part of the neurons that begin at the dendrites and extend to the axon terminal.

Answer 13

False

Question 14

Draw an action potential in the axon of a neuron and indicate which ions flow into the neuron and out of the neuron as the action potential passes at the point where the electrodes are in the cell. Be sure to assign on the Y-axis the mV of each of these areas. This should be as described in my lectures.

Question 15

The terminal web:

Answer 15

is a site of exocytosis

Question 16

The autonomic nervous system contains the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

The action potential is:

Answer 17

A result of the movement of ions.

Question 18

List the 4 types of glial cells and list a phrase to describe their function.

Answer 18

1) Schwann cells. They wrap around the axon of a cell in the PNS, providing electrical insulation.
2) Oligodendrocytes. They wrap around the axon of a cell in the CNS, providing electrical insulation.
3) Astrocytes. They provide nutrients to neurons and provide structural support.
4) Microglia. This is part of the cellular immune system and protects the brain by cleaning up cellular debris.

Question 19

Excitatory synapses make the post-synaptic cell less likely to fire.

Answer 19

False

Question 20

Potassium ions are at high concentration inside of cells including in neurons.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Only pre-synaptic neurons are coated with myelin.

Answer 21

False

Question 22

The post-synaptic cell can be:

Answer 22

In glands, muscle cells, neurons

Question 23

Excitatory synapses cause depolarization of the post-synaptic cell.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

The axon hillock in the pre-synaptic neuron fires based on temporal and spatial summation of inputs.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Acetylcholine esterase breaks acetylcholine into muscarinic acid

Answer 25

False

Question 26

The neural tissues are:

Answer 26

Spinal cord, sensory neurons, and brain

Question 27

Fast neurons as described in lecture are fast because they are surrounded by a type of glial cell that results in a myelin coating.

Answer 27

False

Question 28

The axon from a pre-synaptic cell contacts the axon of another neuron.

Answer 28

False

Question 29

Receptors are made from membrane-bound polyribosomes.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Fast neurons as described in lecture require cytoplasmic signal transduction to open an ion channel.

Answer 30

False

Question 31

When the Sympathetic nervous system is triggered glycogen is broken down to glucose to provide more energy.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Your mom came back from her medical appointment and said that the M.D. told her she had low bone density. What medical problem could this cause and what hormones/endocrine glands in the body are involved?

Answer 32

Osteoporosis. The parathyroid hormone (released on thyroid gland) would be involved.

Question 33

When epinephrine is released it triggers activation of which part of the Autonomic Nervous System?

Answer 33

The Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 34

Vitamin D is really a hormone.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Insulin is produced by alpha cells

Answer 35

False

Question 36

The medulla of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine (i.e., adrenaline).

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Where do fats in the body play a role in balance between glucose and glycogen?

Answer 37

When blood glucose levels are in excess, reserve glucose is stored as glycogen (fat) in the liver and muscle cells for later use.

Question 38

Explain how insulin and glucagon regulate the balance (i.e., homeostasis) between glycogen and glucose when epinephrine (i.e., adrenaline) is not involved.

Answer 38

Insulin is released when glucose in present in the blood, and glucagon is released when there is no glucose present in the blood. The pancreas makes both glucose & glucagon for cells to continuously make ATP (so they can survive). When blood glucose rises, beta cells of the pancreas release insulin to stimulate cells to use the glucose & convert it glycogen and fat. When blood glucose falls, the pancreas stops releasing insulin and cells use glycogen and fat fat energy to remain in homeostasis. If blood glucose falls far too low, alpha cells in the pancreas release glucagon, which stimulates the liver to convert glycogen back to glucose for cell use.

Question 39

The Parasympathetic Nervous System is triggers to act by exposure to epinephrine.

Answer 39

False

Question 40

Vitamin D is synthesized from cholestrol.

Answer 40

True

Question 41

Vitamin D causes the parathyroid to inhibit new PTH synthesis.

Answer 41

True

Question 42

Insulin is a ligand.

Answer 42

True

Question 43

What could the stress of taking an exam do to your glucose levels in various parts of the body?

Answer 43

Stress would produce adrenaline, which pulls glucose into the blood from the liver and muscle glycogen stores and stops glycogen synthesis. (Your blood glucose levels would increase)

Question 44

To prevent back flow of blood in the heart there are ____

Answer 44

valves

Question 45

The blood flow slows down in the capillaries because the increased total area of the capillary is very large.

Answer 45

True

Question 46

The inspiratory and the expiratory reserves make up the total volume in the lungs.

Answer 46

False

Question 47

The heart pace maker that triggers the two atria to contract is the ____ ______

Answer 47

sinoatrial node

Question 48

The partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs causes it to load into the circulatory system.

Answer 48

True

Question 49

The oxygen in the circulatory system functions to bring oxygen to every cell of the body so it can make ATP.

Answer 49

True

Question 50

When the diaphragm is relaxed, it allows air to leave the lungs including the residual volume.

Answer 50

False

Question 51

Red blood cells carry CO2 back to the lungs.

Answer 51

False

Question 52

Ulike other epithelia the epithelia that make up the capillaries have holes in them called fenestrations.

Answer 52

True

Question 53

What does carbonic anhydrase do?

Answer 53

Carbonic anhydrase accelerates the conversion of CO2 to H2CO3

Question 54

When arterial blood pressure falls the body compensates to raise the blood pressure. Explain this process.

Answer 54

When arterial blood pressure falls, it causes a decrease in action potentials that are sent to the cardioregulatory center of the medulla. For the body to raise its blood pressure again, it causes an increase in sympathetic nerve activity, making it fire more frequently, and this increases heart rate. Since the heart muscle is also stimulated to pump harder, the stroke volume increases. As a result of the above processes, cardiac output increases, and an increase in cardiac output means an increase in blood pressure (AKA restoring it back to a normal level).

Question 55

Blood moves very rapidly through the capillaries.

Answer 55

False

Question 56

The lungs are in the thoracic cavity, but they are also in another cavity. What is the name of that other cavity?

Answer 56

Pleural cavity

Question 57

One of the problems with the increased surface area of the lungs is that the ______ could stick to each other causing the lungs to collapse. To get around this the body secretes _____ into the lungs.

Answer 57

alveoli, surfactant

Question 58

When you inhale which set of muscles uses the least amount of ATP and triggers the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 58

Diaphragm

Question 59

The lungs have increased surface area to increase the movement of oxygen into the circulatory system.

Answer 59

True

Question 60

Draw a cross-section of an artery or arteriole and label the layers.

Question 61

Veins and venueles have valves in them, but arteries and arterioles do not.

Answer 61

True

Question 62

The heart contains two circuits. Name them.

Answer 62

Pulmonary circuit, Systemic circuit

Question 63

The slow flow of blood in the capillaries facilitates the production of bicarbonates in the blood.

Answer 63

True

Question 64

There are two factors that cause the release of oxygen from hemoglobin -- list them.

Answer 64

(1) When the pH of blood falls | (2) When PO2 values drop

Question 65

What is the maximum number of molecules of oxygen that can bind to hemoglobin?

Answer 65

4

Question 66

The atrioventricular node fires after the sinoatrial node.

Answer 66

True

Question 67

The excretory system uses oxygen because oxygen diffuses more rapidly into the excretory system because it contains water in the urine.

Answer 67

False

Question 68

The two circuits in the heart and the cardiovascular system have the same blood pressure.

Answer 68

False

Question 69

The slow flow of blood in the capillaries facilitates release of oxgyen.

Answer 69

True

Question 70

Once inside the circulatory system ______ is the molecule that binds oxygen.

Answer 70

Hemoglobin

Question 71

There is a reserve of oxygen in the muscles held by ______

Answer 71

Myoglobin

Question 72

The pulmonary artery contain oxygenated blood.

Answer 72

False

Question 73

Surfactants is one of the later components made in the fetus (prior to birth).

Answer 73

True

Question 74

In capillaries the blood pressure pushes nutrients out of the capillaries towards the cells.

Answer 74

True

Question 75

When oxygen passes from the lungs into the circulatory system as a gas, how many cells does it have to pass through to be in the circulatory system?

Answer 75

2

Question 76

Tidal breathing causes incoming air to mix with some older air in the lungs.

Answer 76

True

Question 77

In mammals ventilation is tidal.

Answer 77

True

Question 78

Oxygen is distributed throughout the body by:

Answer 78

The circulatory system

Question 79

When the systole occurs the ventricle is contracting.

Answer 79

True

Question 80

The left ventricle of the heart contains more muscle.

Answer 80

True

Question 81

Nutrients and oxygen can leave the arteries and arterioles to reach the cells.

Answer 81

False

Question 82

When ventricles contract blood is pushed out into the artery and the artery stretched because of its elastic layers allowing the blood to continue to flow into the circulatory system while the ventricle is relaxing.

Answer 82

True

Question 83

Give an example of homeostasis in the kidney.

Answer 83

Blood pressure

Question 84

Each kidney contains about one million nephrons.

Answer 84

True

Question 85

The kidney controls the water balance in the body.

Answer 85

True

Question 86

Blood pressure is the force that drives molecules out of the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule.

Answer 86

True

Question 87

The inter-weaving of the circulatory system with the nephron is essential for the concentration of urea in the urine.

Answer 87

True

Question 88

The collecting duct of the kidney drains into the ____ and this enters the ____ _____.

Answer 88

Ureter, urinary bladder

Question 89

The medulla of the kidney secretes epinephrine

Answer 89

False

Question 90

In the proximal convoluted tubule useful molecules are collected and brought back into the circulatory system such as glucose and amino acids, but no the toxic materials.

Answer 90

True

Question 91

Blood pressure drives red blood cells and plasma proteins out of the glomerulus.

Answer 91

False

Question 92

The Bowman's capsule is the beginning of the nephron.

Answer 92

True

Question 93

Toxins including urea (in mammals) is driven out of the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule.

Answer 93

True

Question 94

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.

Answer 94

True

Question 95

What happens to the nephron if the blood pressure drops significantly?

Answer 95

Kidney failure

Question 96

Efferent arterioles enter the Bowman's capsule and afferent arterioles leave the Bowman's capsule.

Answer 96

False

Question 97

Urine leaves our bodies through the urethra.

Answer 97

True

Question 98

The kidney gets rid of toxic compunds.

Answer 98

True

Question 99

The kidney filters about 180 liters of blood per day.

Answer 99

True

Question 100

The Bowman's capsule, the proximal convoluted tubule, and the distal convoluted tubule are in the cortex of the kidney.

Answer 100

True