Exam 3 Full Overview Flashcards
(242 cards)
1
Q
The process of taking up or assimilating a substance
A
Absorption
2
Q
Substance produced in the liver that emulsifies fats
A
Bile
3
Q
Milky-appearing fluid absorbed into the lymphatic system from the small intestine; consists of lymph and droplets of digested fats
A
Chyle
4
Q
Mixture of partially digested food, water, and digestive juices that forms in the stomach
A
Chyme
5
Q
An act of eliminating undigested waste from the digestive tract
A
Defecation
6
Q
Act of swallowing
A
Deglutition
7
Q
Process of breaking down food into absorbable particles
A
Digestion
8
Q
First portion of the small intestine
A
Duodenum
9
Q
To break up fats into small particles
A
Emulsify
10
Q
Muscular tube that carries food from the throat to the stomach
A
Esophagus
11
Q
Muscular sac on the inferior surface of the liver that stores bile
A
Gallbladder
12
Q
Splitting of large molecules by the addition of water, as in digestion
A
Hydrolysis
13
Q
Intake of food
A
Ingestion
14
Q
Organ of the digestive tract between the stomach and anus, consisting of the small and large intestine
A
Intestine
15
Q
Lymphatic capillary that drains digested fats from the villi of the small intestine
A
Lacteal
16
Q
Large organ inferior to the diaphragm in the superior right abdomen; has many functions, including bile secretion, detoxification, storage, and interconversion of nutrients
A
Liver
17
Q
Act of chewing
A
Mastication
18
Q
Connective tissue membrane that attaches the small intestine to the dorsal abdominal wall
A
Mesentery
19
Q
Large, elongated gland behind the stomach; produces digestive enzymes and hormones
A
Pancreas
20
Q
Wavelike movements in the wall of an organ or duct that propel its contents forward
A
Peristalsis
21
Q
Serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and forms the outer layer of the abdominal organs; forms supporting ligaments for some organs
A
Peritoneum
22
Q
Secretion of the salivary glands; moistens food and contains an enzyme that digests starch
A
Saliva
23
Q
Alternating contraction and relaxation of the circular muscle in the small intestines wall that mix its contents with digestive juices and move them through the organ
A
Segmentation
24
Q
Muscular ring that regulates the size of an opening
A
Sphincter
25
Organ of the digestive tract that stores food, mixes it with digestive juices, and moves it into the small intestine
Stomach
26
Small finger-like projections from the surface of a membrane; projections in the lining of the small intestine through which digested food is absorbed
Villi
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Hormone released by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium, and indirectly, water reabsorption in the kidneys
Aldosterone
28
Substance produced from inactive precursors by the action of the renal enzyme renin and other enzymes; increases blood pressure by causing vascular constriction, stimulating the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex and ADH from the posterior pituitary, and increasing thirst
Angiotensin II
29
Negatively charged particle (ion)
Anion
30
Hormone released from the posterior pituitary gland that increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, thus decreasing urinary output
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
31
Hormone produced by the atria of the heart that lowers the blood pressure by promoting excretion of sodium and water
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
32
Positively charged particle (ion)
Cation
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Removal and elimination of metabolic waste products from the blood
Excretion
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Outside the cell
Extracellular
35
Fluid and dissolved materials that leave the blood and enter the kidney tubule
Glomerular filtrate
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Cluster of capillaries surrounded by the kidney tubules glomerular capsule
Glomerulus
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Between; pertaining to an organs spaces or structures between active tissues; fluid between cells
Interstitial
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Within a cell
Intracellular
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Organ of excretion, hormone synthesis, and blood pressure regulation
Kidney
40
Act of urination; voiding of the urinary bladder
Micturition
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Microscopic functional unit of the kidney; consists of the glomerulus and the renal tubule
Nephron
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Term that refers to the solute concentration of a solution; osmotic concentration
Osmolarity
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System for indicating the relative concentration of hydrogen and hydrozide ions in a solution. The scale ranges from 1 to 14, with 1 most acidic and 14 most alkaline and 7 as neutral
pH scale
44
Nitrogenous waste product excreted in the urine; end products of protein metabolism
Urea
45
Tube that carries urine from kidney to the urinary bladder
Ureter
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Tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
Urethra
47
Laboratory examination of urines physical and chemical properties
Urinalysis
48
Hollow organ that stores urine until it is eliminated
Urinary bladder
49
Liquid waste excreted by the kidneys
Urine
50
Yellow body formed from ovarian follicle after ovulation; produces estrogen and progesterone
Corpus luteum
51
Inner layer of the uterus
Endometrium
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Group of female sex hormones that promotes development of the ovarian follicle and the uterine lining and maintains secondary sex characteristics
Estrogen
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What is the main estrogen
Estradiol
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Hormone produces by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the development of ova in the ovary and spermatozoa in the testes
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
55
Reproductive cell; ovum and spermatozoon
Gamete
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Hormone that acts on a reproductive gland
Gonadotropin
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Decreased ability to reproduce
Infertility
58
Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that induces ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum in females; in males, it stimulates cells in the testes to produce testosterone
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
59
Time during which menstruation ceases
Menopause
60
Monthly flow of blood from the female reproductive tract
Menses
61
Period of menstrual flow
Menstruation
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A developing egg cell, or ovum
Oocyte
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Cluster of cells containing an ovum
Ovarian follicle
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Female reproductive organ; produces ova and female sex steroids
Ovary
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Release of an ovum from a mature ovarian follicle
Ovulation
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Female reproductive cell or gamete
Ovum
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Hormone produced by the corpus luteum and placenta; maintains the uterine lining for pregnancy
Progesterone
68
Mixture of sperm cells and secretions from several glands of the male reproductive tract
Semen
69
Male reproductive cell or gamete; sperm cell
Spermatozoon
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Male reproductive gland
Testis
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Male sex hormone produced in the testes; promotes sperm cell development and maintains secondary sex characteristics
Testosterone
72
Muscular, pear shaped organ in the female pelvis within which the fetus develops during pregnancy
Uterus
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Loss of an embryo or fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy
Abortion
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A version of a gene that controls a given trait
Allele
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Fluid-filled sac that surrounds and cushions the developing fetus
Amniotic sac
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Any chromosome not involved in sex determination
Autosomes
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How many autosomes do humans have
44 (22 pairs)
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Individual who has a recessive allele of a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype but that can be passed to offspring
Carrier
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Outer embryonic layer that, together with a layer of the endometrium, forms the placenta
Chorion
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Dark-staining, threadlike body in a cells nucleus; contains genes that determine hereditary traits
Chromosomes
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Secretion of the mammary glands released prior to the secretion of milk
Colostrum
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The vascularized internal portion of the endometrium in a pregnant uterus; the maternal portion of the placenta
Decidua
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Referring to an allele of a gene that is always expressed in the phenotype if present
Dominant
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Developing offspring during the first 8 weeks of gestation
Embryo
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Hereditary; passed from parents to children in the genes
Familial
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Union of an ovum and a spermatozoon
Fertilization
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Developing offspring from the start of the ninth week of gestation until birth
Fetus
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Hereditary factor; portion of the DNA on a chromosome encoding a specific protein
Gene
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Pertaining to the genes or heredity
Genetic
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Genetic makeup of an organism
Genotype
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Period of development from conception to birth
Gestation
92
Transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring by means of the genes
Heredity
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Having unmatched alleles for a given trait; hybrid
Heterozygous
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Having identical alleles in a given gene pair
Homozygous
95
Hormone produced by embryonic cells soon after implantation that maintains the corpus luteum and is diagnostic of pregnancy
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
96
Embedding of a fertilized ovum into the uterine lining
Implantation
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Secretion of milk
Lactation
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Process of cell division that halves the chromosome number in the formation of the gametes
Meiosis
99
Agent that causes mutation
Mutagen
100
Change in a gene or chromosome
Mutation
101
Branch of medicine that is concerned with the care of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the 6 weeks after childbirth
Obstetrics
102
Hormone from the posterior pituitary that causes uterine contraction and milk ejection from the breasts
Oxytocin
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Childbirth; labor
Parturition
104
All the characteristics of an organism that can be seen or tested for
Phenotype
105
Structure that nourishes and maintains the developing fetus during pregnancy
Placenta
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Offspring, descendent
Progeny
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Referring to an allele that tis not expressed in the phenotype if a dominant allele for the same trait is present
Recessive
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Placental hormone that softens the cervix and relaxes the pelvic joints
Relaxin
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Referring to a gene carried on a sex chromosome, usually the X chromosome
Sex-linked
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Characteristic
Trait
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Structure that connects the fetus with the placenta; contains vessels that carry blood between the fetus and placenta
Umbilical cord
112
Fertilized ovum; cell formed by the union of a sperm and an egg
Zygote
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Metabolic building of simple substances into materials needed by the body
Anabolism
114
The amount of energy needed to maintain life functions while the body is at rest
Basal metabolism
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Metabolic breakdown of substances into simpler components; includes the digestion of food and oxidation of nutrient molecules for energy
Catabolism
116
Series of reactions by which nutrients are oxidized for energy within the mitochondria of body cells
Cellular respiration
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Simple sugar; main energy source for the cells; dextrose
Glucose
118
Compound built from glucose molecules that is stored for energy in the liver and muscles
Glycogen
119
First, anaerobic phase of glucoses metabolic breakdown for energy; converts glucose into pyruvate
Glycolysis
120
Region of the brain that controls the pituitary; control center for numerous homeostatic negative feedback loops and for the autonomic nervous system
Hypothalamus
121
Measure of the energy content of food; technically, the amount of heat needed to raise 1kg of water 1 degree C; calorie (C)
Kilocalorie (kcal)
122
Rate at which energy is released from nutrients in the cells
Metabolic rate
123
Inorganic substance; in the diet, an element needed in small amounts for health
Mineral
124
Chemical breakdown of nutrients for energy usually using oxygen
Oxidation
125
Organic compound needed in small amounts for health
Vitamin
126
What are the functions of the digestive system
Food is ingested, digested, absorbed, stored, and eliminated
127
What is the passageway of the digestive tract
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
128
Lines the tubes lumen
Mucous membrane- mucosa
129
Central opening of an organ or vessel
Lumen
130
Thick layer of connective tissue beneath the mucosa
Submucosa
131
Smooth muscle
Muscularis externa
132
Outermost layer of the digestive tract
Serous membrane- Serosa
133
Muscular organ that projects into the mouth; aids in chewing and swallowing; one of the principal organs of speech
Tongue
134
Leaf shaped cartilage; guards the entrance of the trachea during swallowing; covers the opening of the larynx
Epiglottis
135
Region of the stomach leading into the small intestine
Pylorus
136
Controls the passage of food from the esophagus to the stomach
Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
137
Between the far end of the stomach and the small intestine; important in regulating how rapidly food moves into the small intestine
Pyloric sphincter
138
Folds of the lining formed when the stomach is empty
Rugae
139
Promotes secretions and motility
Gastrin (hormone)
140
Longest part of the digestive tract
Small intestine
141
First part of the small intestine
Duodenum
142
Past the duodenum
Jejunum
143
Last part of the small intestine
Ileum
144
Functions of the small intestine
Secretion of hormones and digestive enzymes, motility, digestion, absorption
145
Bands that draw up the organs wall to give it its puckered appearance
Teniae coli
146
Small pouch; first part of the large intestine
Cecum
147
Permits food passage from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum
Ileocecal valve
148
Sphincter between the distal end of the stomach and the small intestine
Pyloric sphincter
149
What sphincter combined with the stomach pylorus are important in regulating how rapidly food moves into the small intestine
Pyloric sphincter
150
A strong acid that denatures (unwinds) proteins to prepare them for digestion and also destroys foreign organisms
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
151
What is produced in anticipation of eating and is produced in greater amounts when food enters the stomach
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
152
What id the protein-digesting enzyme that is produced in an inactive form called pepsinogen
Pepsin
153
When is pepsinogen activated
When it contacts HCl or previously activated pepsin molecules
154
Ingested food, gastric juice, and mucus are mixed to form
Chyme
155
What are the functions of the liver
Manufacture bile, control blood glucose, stores fat, iron, and some vitamins, forms blood plasma proteins and clotting factors, destruction of old RBC, synthesizes urea, and detoxification of harmful substances
156
Substance needed for the digestion of fats
Bile
157
A waste product of protein metabolism
Urea
158
What substance does the stomach produces and what's the action
Hydrochloric acid- denatures proteins and activates pepsin; Pepsin- digests proteins to peptides
159
What substance does the liver produce and what is the action
Bile salts; emulsifies fats
160
What nutrient does the mouth digest
Starch
161
What nutrient does the stomach digest
Proteins
162
What nutrient does the small intestine digest
Fats, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acid
163
Where does carbohydrates digestion occur
Mouth and small intestine
164
Where does digestion of proteins take place
Stomach and small intestine
165
Splitting by means of water
Hydrolysis
166
The breakdown of complex compounds into simpler components
Catabolism
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The building of simple substances into nutrient storage compounds, structural materials, and functional molecules such as enzymes and transporters
Anabolism
168
Rate at which cellular respiration metabolizes nutrients to produce ATP
Metabolic rate
169
The amount of energy needed to maintain life functions while the body is at rest
Basal metabolism
170
What do liver and muscle cells convert glucose into when nutrients are abundant and the body's energy needs are low
Glycogen
171
The storage form of carbohydrates
Glycogen
172
Fat that has more hydrogen atoms and fewer double bonds between carbons than unsaturated fats do
Saturated fats
173
Fat that has fewer hydrogen atoms and more double bonds between carbons than saturated fats do
Unsaturated fats
174
Functions of Calcium (Ca)
Formation of bones and teeth, blood clotting, nerve conduction, muscle contraction
175
Functions of sodium (Na)
Fluid balance, nerve impulse conduction, muscle contraction
176
Functions of potassium (K)
Fluid balance, nerve and muscle activity
177
Functions of iron (Fe)
Oxygen carrier (hemoglobin, myoglobin)
178
Functions of B1
Required for enzymes involved in oxidation of nutrients, nerve function
179
Functions of folate
Required for amino acid metabolism, DNA synthesis, maturation of RBC
180
Functions of vitamin C
Maintains healthy skin and mucous membranes, involved in synthesis of collagen, antioxidant
181
Functions of vitamin D
Aids in absorption of calcium and phosphorus from intestinal tract
182
Functions of vitamin E
Protects cell membranes, antioxidant
183
Functions of vitamin K
Synthesis of blood clotting factors, bone formation
184
Heat travels from its source as heat waves or rays
Radiation
185
Heat transfer is promoted by movement of a cooler contacting medium
Convection
186
Heat is lost in the process of changing a liquid to the vapor state
Evaporation
187
A warm object transfers heat energy to a cooler object
Conduction
188
What controls body temperature
The hypothalamus
189
What is the correct order of urine flow from its source
Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
190
What is the correct order of filtrate flow through the nephron
Glomerular capsule, proximal tubule, nephron loop, distal tubule
191
How does ADH promote urine concentration
Stimulates the insertion of water channels into the cells of the collecting duct
192
What process moves substances from the distal tubule to the peritubular capillaries
Reabsorption
193
What is the term that describes the process of expelling urine
Micturition
194
What process moves substances down a pressure gradient
Glomerular filtration
195
What structure produces aldosterone
Adrenal cortex
196
What minerals are required for normal bone formation
Calcium and phosphate
197
The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of cells in what areas
Distal tubule and afferent arteriole
198
What organs make up the urinary system
Two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
199
What hormone does the kidney produce that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow
Erythropoietin (EPO)
200
What brings blood to the kidneys
Renal artery
201
What brings blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava to the heart
Renal vein
202
What does the lining of the bladder consist of
Transitional epithelium
203
Fluid contained with the cells
Intracellular fluid
204
Body fluids outside of cells
Extracellular fluid
205
Tissue fluid
Interstitial fluid
206
What are examples of cations
Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium
207
What are examples of anions
Bicarbonate, chloride, phosphate, proteins
208
What stimulates the production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Low blood pressure
209
What causes an alkaline shift in pH
Excessive vomiting or excessive antacid consumption
210
Substances that prevent sharp changes in hydrogen ion concentration and thus maintain a relatively constant pH
Buffers
211
What substances counteract changes in pH and maintain acid-base balance
Buffer systems, respiration, kidney function
212
What delivers spermatozoa to the epididymis
Testes
213
Where do sperm cells mature
Epididymis
214
What are the functions of semen
Nourish and transport spermatozoa, neutralize the acidity of the male urethra and female vaginal tract, lubricate the reproductive tract during intercourse, prevents infection by means of antibacterial enzymes and antibodies
215
What propels sperm through the female reproductive tract to the ovum
Whiplike movements of the tail
216
Flagellum
Tail of the sperm cell
217
Stimulates the sustentacular cells to produce growth factors that promote the formation of spermatozoa
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
218
Stimulates the interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules to produce testosterone, which is also needed for sperm cell development
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
219
Functions of testosterone
Development and maintenance of the male reproductive accessory organs, development of spermatozoa, Development of secondary sex characteristics
220
Traits that characterize males and females but are not directly concerned with reproduction
Secondary sex characteristics
221
What are the two major effects of aging on male reproduction
Sperm motility and quality decline and erectile dysfunction
222
Where are ova produced
Ovary
223
Cell created by the union of the sperm and egg
Zygote
224
How many cells does the zygote divide into and what is that ball of identical cells called
4; morula
225
What does the morula develop into before reaching the uterus
Blastocyst
226
What hormone does the blastocyst produce after implantation
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
227
What hormone does pregnancy tests screen for and why
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG); it occurs only in fetal tissues
228
What system begins to form in the third week of gestation
Nervous system
229
What chromosome determines the sex
23rd
230
What is the correct order of the inner to the outer most layer of the digestive tract
Mucous membrane, submucosa, smooth muscle, serous membrane
231
What teeth would not be found in a 20 year old male
Deciduous
232
Where is the parotid gland located
Hiatus
233
What are the two active chemicals found in gastric juice
Pepsin and hydrochloric acid
234
What chemical is released in response to gastric inhibitory peptide
Bicarbonate
235
Where does most fat digestion occur in adults
Small intestine
236
What hormone stimulates appetite
Ghrelin
237
Which region of the brain is involved in temperature regulation
Hypothalamus
238
What does a complete protein contain
All the essential amino acids
239
The removal of a nitrogen group from an amino acid
Deamination
240
What is the end product of the anaerobic phase of glucose catabolism
Pyruvate
241
Minerals needed in very small amounts
Dietary trace elements
242
What heat transfer process is increased by profuse sweating
Evaporation
