Exam 3 functions and important knowledge Flashcards
1
Q
buccal papillae
A
sensory structures that allow lamprey to position
2
Q
teeth on oral disk
A
cornified epidermis; not homologous with teeth on other veterbrates
3
Q
rasping teeth on tongue
A
gorges hole in hosts body
4
Q
naris (lamprey)
A
brings water into the oral cavity
5
Q
“Esophagus” (lamprey )
A
anterior part of intestine (consider lack of regionalization)
dorsal opening of oral cavity
6
Q
respiratory tube (lamprey)
A
posterior part of oral cavity. Water moves in pharynx and out pharyngeal slits
7
Q
velum (lamprey)
A
flap that can close the pharynx
8
Q
What structures on the gills stop food from escaping as water is pushed through pharyngeal slits.
A
branchial arch lamellae and gill rakers
9
Q
spiracle
A
allows water to enter pharynx
10
Q
function of the mouth and naris in cat
A
bring food, water, and air into the oral cavity.
11
Q
what are the advantages of a heterodont dentition?
A
all teeth have a different function
12
Q
Why is the soft palate soft? Why is the hard palate hard?
A
Bone; muscle
13
Q
secondary palate (cat)
A
separates air coming in through the naris from the rest of the oral cavity
14
Q
location of oropharynx (cat)
A
posterior section of oral cavity
15
Q
how is the nasopharynx separated from the orophraynx?
A
soft palate
16
Q
how is the oropharynx separated from the laryngopharynx?
A
epiglottis
17
Q
epiglottis
A
- separates laryngopharynx from orapharynx
* may fold posteriorly to close off the trachea (ventral) while keeping esophagus (dorsal) open
18
Q
respiratory tube (lamprey)
A
Blind sac (i.e. it goes back as far as the last pharyngeal slit and the terminates) Water passes through oral cavity and respiratory tube and out through pharyngeal slits.
19
Q
How many pharyngeal slits does the lamprey have?
A
seven gill slits
20
Q
why does the shark have fewer pharyngeal slits than lamprey
A
the first pair of gill slits have been modified into jaws
21
Q
How does a lamprey deal with needing to breathe while feeding?
A
the velum closes off the respiratory tube and water is pulled in and pushed out through the pharyngeal slits
22
Q
branchial basket
A
cartilagenous; supports lamprey’s respiratory structures.
23
Q
location of interbranchial septa (shark)
A
lies between each pharyngeal slit
24
Q
what are holobranch gills?
A
“complete gills” have lamellae on posterior and anterior surfaces
25
what are hemibranch gills?
only has lamellae on one side
26
Where does gas exchange occur in the shark?
primary gill lamellae
27
How does the shark use primary gill lamellae to breathe?
water is forced over the gill lamellae, which has capillaries within
28
What muscles are attached to interbranchial septa?
branchial adductors and and interbranchial muscle
29
What is the path of branching of the trachea in cat?
right/left primary bronchii
- secondary bronchii
- -tertiary bronchii
- --bronchioles
- ---alveoli
30
location of phrenic nerve
dorsal to heart and "on top" of diaphragm
31
diaphragm in cat
contraction and relaxation brings in and forces out air
| increases space into pleural cavity
32
location of vagus nerve
runs along trachea
33
esophagus location (lamprey)
immediately anterior to intestine
34
intestine location (lamprey)
posterior to esophagus
35
parietal peritoneum (lamprey)
lines body cavity
36
visceral peritoneum
lines viscera
37
What are the two divisions of the coelom in sharks?
pericardial cavity
| pleuroperitneal cavity
38
mesentery
attaches organ to body wall
39
mesentary (shark) that connects stomachs or intestines to the dorsal region
greater omentum/ mesogaster
40
papillae and rugae
papillae in esophagus
| rugae in stomach
41
two coeloms in cat
thoracic
| abdominopelvic
42
(cat) what separates the thoracic and abdiminopelvic cavities?
diaphragm
43
(shark)pyloric region of stomach
first constriction of stomach
44
(shark) pylorus
second constriction of stomach just before intestine
45
(shark) pyloric sphincter
muscular ring within pylorus that can restrict and relax to mediate the amount of food that can enter the duodenum
46
(sharks) reason for evolution of the stomach
allowed shark to gorge on food when it was available, but allows reserves when food is scarce
47
(cat) two types of pleura in thoracic cavity; serous epithelium
parietal and visceral pleura; secrete lubricating fluid
48
greater omentum (technichally omental bursa)
serous tissue, i guess
49
rugae
expand surface area and absorb nutrients slowly
50
(lamprey ) gall bladder
present in larvae but not adults
51
liver in lamprey location
large structure anterior within coelom
52
(shark) liver
filtration
bile production
oil that reduces sharks specific gravity and assists in buoyancy
53
(shark) falciform ligament
attaches liver to the ventral body wall
54
(shark) gastohepatoduodenal ligament (lesser omentum)
holds together hepatic portal vein, bile duct, and other vessels
55
(shark) hepatic portal vein
transporting nutrients absorbed from food and stomach to the liver
56
(shark) hepatic ducts
transport bile from liver to gall bladder
57
(shark) bile ducts
transport bile from gall bladder to duodenum
58
gall bladder
stores and concentrates bile
59
(cat) liver
bile production
| filtration
60
(cat) falciform ligament
attaches liver to ventral body wall
61
(cat) lesser omentum
connects liver to stomach
62
(cat) hepatic ducts
drain bile from liver and join up with cystic ducts
63
(cat) cystic ducts
empty gall bladder
64
(cat) common bile duct
joining of cystic duct and common bile duct to empty into duondenum at hepatopancreatic ampulla
65
(cat) hepatopancreatic ampulla
sphincter at the end of the common bile duct where it empites into duodenum
66
(cat) Hepatoduodenal ligament
holds together hepatic ducts, cystic ducts, common bile duct.
67
Does a lamprey have a spleen or pancreas?
No. Particular cells within the liver and intenstine produce similar chemicals to the pancreas
68
spleen
filters blood an acts as a resivoir for red blood cells
69
exocrine tissues
produce digestive enzymes and buffer solution
70
endocrine tissues
produce insulin and glucagon hormones
71
pancreas
produces exocrine and endocrine tissues.
72
What do insulin and glucagon do?
regulate blood sugar levels
73
(lamprey) intestine
major site of nutrient absorption and water absorption
74
(lamprey) typhosole
prominent fold within intestine; longitudinal ridge
75
ally make sure your sketchbook has lamprey urogential
76
(shark) digitiform gland
secretes highly concentrated sodium chloride out of the body
77
(shark) spiral valve (within valvular intestine)
increases internal surface area of intestine
78
(cat) small intestine components
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
79
(cat) small intestine
major site of nutrient absorption and water absorption
80
(cat) ileocecal valve
separates ileum from large intestine
| prevents backflow from large intestine into the ileum
81
(cat) large intestine
absorption of water and fermentation of food
82
(cat) cecum
proximal potion of large intestine
| where most fermentation takes place
83
(lamprey) gonads
single structure that runs throughout pleuroperitoneal cavity alongside intestine
84
(lamprey) gametes are shed
directly into the body cavity and simply "float around" as they find their way to the posterior end
85
(lamprey) urogenital sinus (within urinary papilla)
exit of gametes (external fertilization) from the posterior end of body
exit of filtrate
86
(lamprey) kidney
filter blood plasma and filtrate is drained into the archenephric duct
87
(lamprey) archenephric duct
drains from kindey out of body
88
(shark) testes
paired structures behind liver where sperm is produced
89
(shark) location of kidneys
retroperitoneal along dorsal side of body cavity
90
(shark) mesorchium
a broad ligament that attaches each testis to the pleuroperitoneal walls
91
(shark) efferent ductules
run through mesorchium from testis to epididymus
92
(shark) epididymus
dorsal to plueroperitoneal wall, anterior to kidneys
93
(male shark) kidney (anterior portion aka Leydig's gland)
produces secretions that assist in the transportation of sperm in arcenephric duct
94
(male shark) arcenephric duct
where secretions from Leydig's gland and sperm mix.
Travels posteriorly ventral to kidney
becomes seminal vesicle just before cloaca
95
(shark) seminal vesicle
from arcenephric duct into sperm sac
96
(male shark) sperm sacs
right by cloaca
| empty into urogential papilla
97
(male shark) accessory urinary duct
drains filtrate from kidneys, passes to urogenital papilla
98
(female shark) mesovarium
connects each ovary to the pleuroperitoneal wall
99
(female shark) ostium tubae
through which eggs travel through body cavity
| opening to oviduct
100
(female shark) arcenephic ducts
drain kidneys to urinary papilla
101
(female shark) urinary papilla
emptying of arcenephric ducts
102
(female shark) uterus
where pups develop and then are birthed through paired openings
103
(female shark) oviduct
run from ostium tubae to uterus
104
(female shark) falciform ligament
connects liver to ventral wall
| oviducts run to
105
(male shark) hook and clasper
pelvic fins that deliver sperm from male to female in internal fertilization
106
(cat) renal capsule
thin membrane that surrounds kidney
107
(cat) renal pyramid
each collecting duct travels down a renal pyramid
108
(cat) renal papilla
renal pyramid-renal papilla-renal pelvis
109
(cat) renal cortex v. renal medulla
110
(cat) renal pelvis
renal pyramid--renal papilla--renal pelvis--empties into ureter
"empty area" everything drains into before ureter
111
(cat) ureter
leaves kidney and travels to urinary bladder
112
(cat) urinary bladder
stores filtrate
113
(cat) urethra
between urinary bladder and urogenital sinus
114
(male cat) scrotum
houses testes
sac that allows sperm to develop at an optimal temperature that is lower than the high body temp maintained by many mammals
115
(male cat) cremasteric pouch
homologous to mesorchium
| ligament like pouch that houses each testis
116
(male cat) gubernaculum
connects cremasteric pouch to scrotum (shortening=pulling testis futher away)
117
(male cat) epididymus
runs along testis
| sperm is produced within the testis and moves into epididymus
118
(male cat) inguinal canal
epididymus travels back into peritoneal body cavity
119
(male cat) vas deferens
epididymus in body cavity, after inguinal canal
120
(male cat) testicular artery and testicular vein
run alongside vas deferens and deliver blood to and from kidney
121
(male cat) spermatic cord
wraps vas deferens, testicular artery, and testicular vein as they pass through inguinal canal
122
(male cat) prostate and bulborethral gland
produce seminal fluid that assists in the transportation of sperm
123
(male cat) urogenital opening
sperm pass from vas deferends and leave body via urogenital opening
124
(male cat) penis
specialized structure assists in delivering sperm from male to female
125
(male cat) baculum
bone within penis that aids in maintaining erection
126
(female cat) ostium tubae
opening to infundibulum
127
(female cat) fimbrae
"fingers" at beginning of infundibulum that help "catching" eggs
128
(female cat) infundibulum
the very beginning of the tube, just past ostium tubae
129
(female cat) uterine tube
after infundibulum wraps around ovary; narrowed tube for egg to pass through
130
(female cat) uterine horn
infundibulum--uterine tube--uterine horn
posterior to ovary, enlarged greatly
eggs attach to wall of uterine horn and this is where they will develop if fertilized
131
(female cat) uterus
joining of each uterine horn
132
(female cat) suspensory ligament
holds ovary to the anterior region of the cat
133
(female cat) broad ligament
mesometrium and mesovarim
134
(female cat) mesovarium
medial side of uterine horn and uterus
135
(female cat) mesometrium
lateral side of ovarian horn and ovary
136
(female cat) ovarian ligament
connects ovary to uterine tube and uterine horn
137
(female cat)vagina
from uterus into vagina
138
(female cat) cervix
pinch point between uterus and vagina
139
(female cat) external urethral orifice
where urethra empties into the distal end of the vagina
140
(female cat) urogenital sinus
distal to external urogenital orifice
where urinary and reproductive system will pass before leaving body
141
(female cat) clitoris
on distal end of urogenital sinus
142
(female cat) buabellum
small clitoral bone
143
What nervous system components does the lamprey possess?
all 5 brain regions
10 pairs of cranial nerves
pineal organ and lateral line system
144
(shark) lateral line system and lateral line canal
system responds to changes in pressure caused by movements/vibrations in the water
extends into head region where it extends into Ampullae of Lorenzini
145
Ampullae of Lorenzini
pores that communicate with external environment (electrical signals)
146
(shark) endolymphatic pores
connect to sacculus and help fine tune equilibrium
147
(shark) naris
incurrent/excurrent of water, pick up on chemical sensory information
148
(shark) eye
picks up on light information
149
"ear region" of shark's purpose
mainly responsible for mainintining balance and equilibrium
150
(shark) otic capsule
consists of three semicircular canals that empty into sacculus
151
(shark) 3 semicircular canals
empty into sacculus
152
(shark) sacculus
lies at the center of the three semicircular canals
maintaining equilibrium
153
(shark) endolymphatic ducts
travel down to sacculus and relay information regarding external evironment
154
(shark) telencephalon
"smelling brain"
| processes olfactory info
155
(shark) diencephalon
brings in sensory (visual) info (optic nerves)
thalamus and hypothalamus
156
(shark) mesencephalon
relays sensory input to telencephalon
| motor output to particular muscles (check this)
157
(shark) metencephalon
"cerebellum"
| fine motor
158
(shark) mylencephalon
medulla oblongata
159
(shark) olfactory bulbs
pick up olfactory info
- --olfactory tract
- ---telencephalon
160
(shark) olfactory sac
consists of sensory neurons responsible for detecting chemical stimuli
161
thalamus and hypothalamus
idk
162
tela choroidea
thin membrane that covers the diencephalon
163
choroid plexus
ventricle responsible for the production of Cerebral Spinal Fluid
164
epiphysis=pineal gland
melatonin production
165
infundibulum (in mammalian brain)
connects hypothalamus with the hypophysis
166
hypophysis=pituitary gland
produces majority of endocrine hormones
167
optic lobes
communicate with motor neurons for visual sensory information
168
tectum
dorsal side of optic lobes responsible for relaying visual information (optic tectum) and relaying auditory and lateral line information
169
tegmentum
ventral portion of optic lobes and intitiates motor output to eye muscles via trochlear and oculomotor nerves
170
optic chaism
where optic nerves come together and cross over
171
cerebellum
coordination
172
medulla oblongata
autonomic functions
173
terminal nerve
sensory
| helps with olfactory information
174
olfactory nerve
sensory
175
optic nerve
sensory
| relays sensory information being picked up by the eye to the brain
176
oculomotor n.
motor
| innervates eye muscles
177
trochlear n.
motor
| innervates dorsal oblique
178
trigeminal nerve; components
superficial opthalamic
deep opthalamic
mandibular
maxillary
179
trigeminal nerve; functions
innervates area of head associated with eye
180
abducens nerve
motor
| brings eye away from body
181
which two muscles control exactly one muscle of eye?
trochlear and abducens
182
facial n.
innervates muscles of face
183
statoacoustic n. (shark)
picks up on sensory info from sacculus ( i think)
184
vestibulacochlear n.
auditory info in cat.
185
glossopharyngeal n.
sensory and motor
| tongue muscles and pharynx
186
vagus n.
wanders
187
pathway of auditory info in cat
pinnae
- external auditory meatus
- -tympanic membrane
- --malleus-incus-stapes
- ---vestibule --------(vestibular nerve)
- ----cochlea----------(cochlear nerve)
188
(cat) telencephalon
"cerebrum"
| lots of sensory info and motor output
189
(cat) diencephalon
optic chiasm
| choroid plexus
190
mesencephalon
integration of sensory info into motor
191
(cat)metencephalon
"cerebellum"
| pons and trigeminal nerve
192
(cat) mylencephalon
medulla oblongata
193
(cat) accesory n.
innervates clavomastoid, sternomastoid, traps
194
(cat) hypoglossal n.
motor control of tongue
