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Cardio > Exam 3 - HF pt 2 (Cook) > Flashcards

Exam 3 - HF pt 2 (Cook) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is heart failure?

A

Complex syndrome where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively to meet the body’s needs

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2
Q

What is congestive heart failure?

A

Type of HF where fluids build up in tissues

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3
Q

What is acute heart failure?

A

Sudden worsening of HF symptoms

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4
Q

What is left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)?

A

% of blood ejected from LV with each heartbeat

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5
Q

What is HFrEF?

A

HF with LVEF ≤ 40%

Also called systolic HF

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6
Q

What is HFpEF?

A

HF with LVEF ≥ 50%

Also called diastolic HF

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7
Q

What type of HF has an EF ranging from 40-50%?

A

Borderline or mid-range HF

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8
Q

What is HF with improved EF?

A

EF used to be ≤ 40% but has increased to > 40%

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9
Q

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

Average pressure in arteries during a single cardiac cycle

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10
Q

What role does a pharmacist play in HF management?

A

Monitoring patients
Optimizing medication regimens
Educating patients about their condition

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of HF?

A

Fatigue
Shortness of breath
Exertional intolerance
Weight gain
Orthopnea
Nocturnal dyspnea

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12
Q

What are the signs of HF?

A

Pulmonary rales/crackles
S3 gallop
Peripheral edema
Jugular venous distention
Hepatojugular reflux

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13
Q

What lab tests are needed to detect HF?

A

BMP, CBC, BNP, NT-proBNP

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14
Q

What imaging is needed to detect HF?

A

ECG, echocardiogram, chest radiography

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15
Q

What form of imaging is MOST important for detection of HF?

A

Echocardiogram

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16
Q

What is BNP?

A

Brain natriuretic peptide — hormone released by heart in response to stress

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17
Q

What BNP levels are indicative of HF?

A

Increased

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18
Q

What BNP level would raise concern for HF?

A

> 100 pg/mL

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19
Q

What is NT-proBNP?

A

N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide — precursor to BNP

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20
Q

What NT-proBNP levels are indicative of HF?

A

Elevated

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21
Q

What NT-proBNP level would raise concern for HF?

22
Q

What does a BMP assess?

Study These Flashcards
A

Electrolytes, kidney function, glucose levels

23
Q

What may we see on a BMP in HF?

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A

SCr may increase, hyponatremia (normal and expected)

24
Q

What does a CBC assess?

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A

RBC, WBC, and platelet counts

25
What may we see on an ECG in HF?
Normal - variable abnormalities, LV hypertrophy
26
What does an ECG assess?
Heart rhythm, electrical activity, signs of hypertrophy
27
What may we see on a chest x-ray in HF?
Pulmonary edema Pleural effusions Cardiac enlargement
28
What can we look at on an echo in potential HF?
LV size Ejection fraction Wall motion abnormalities
29
Why would a HF patient present with hyponatremia?
Dilutional effect, but this is expected and normal
30
What is hyponatremia?
Low sodium levels in blood
31
What is the mechanism of hyponatremia?
HF causes hyponatremia due to fluid retention and decreased renal perfusion
32
What are the stages of HF?
A, B, C, D
33
What is stage A HF?
At risk patients with no evidence of cardiac structural disease
34
Who falls into the category of stage A HF?
Most people
35
What are some examples of stage A HF?
Hypertension Coronary artery disease Diabetes mellitus Metabolic syndrome
36
What is stage B HF?
Structural cardiac disease with no symptoms
37
What are some examples of stage B HF?
EF ≤ 40%, previous myocardial infarction, LV hypertrophy
38
What is stage C HF?
Structural cardiac disease that does have symptoms
39
What are some examples of stage C HF?
EF ≤ 40%, dyspnea Reduced exercise tolerance Fatigue
40
What is stage D HF?
Refractory HF
41
What is an example of stage D HF?
Persistently symptomatic at rest, despite appropriate therapy
42
What are the classes of HF?
I, II, III, IV
43
When is HF considered class I?
No limitations of physical activity
44
What are examples of class I HF?
No interruption to work, exercise, or daily activities
45
When is HF considered class II?
Slight limitations of physical activity
46
What are examples of class II HF?
Some dyspnea, fatigue, or other symptoms caused by exercise, normal work, household activities
47
When is HF considered class III?
Marked limitations of physical activity
48
What are examples of class III HF?
Symptoms present during instrumental activities, or even basic activities of daily living
49
When is HF considered class IV?
Inability to carry on any physical activity
50
What are examples of class IV HF?
Symptoms present at rest

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