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Animal Physiology > Exam 3 Hormones > Flashcards

Exam 3 Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

Juvenile Hormone

A

keeps insects in juvenile stage

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2
Q

n-Ecdysone

A

turns into beta ecdysone in tissues

triggers molting to go through 1st n, 2nd n, 3rd n, then pupa

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3
Q

FSH

A

stimulates the production of follicle

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4
Q

Follicles

A

produce estrogen (estrogen then thickens endometrial? (sorry, couldn’t read it…) lining. Follicles then rupture, leaving the corpus luteum

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5
Q

progesterone

A

Made by the corpus luteum, targets uterus, mammary glands, causes shedding of the endometrial lining(with estrogen)/maintains uterine secretions/stimulates mammary duct formation (ALSO WHERE PERIODS COME FROM)

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6
Q

Chorionic gonadotropin

A

Produced if follicle is implanted into lining, continues the production of progesterone and estrogen to keep endometrial lining and fetus developing

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7
Q

estradiol (everyone’s favorite)

A

a steriod from ovarian follicle, corpus luteum, and adrenal cortex. Targets most tissues, used to promote development of female characteristics and behaviors (crazy lady syndrome); oocyte maturation and uterine proliferation. Promotes FSH and LH to stimulate seratonin

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8
Q

Testosterone

A

steroid from testes (leydig cells), adrenal cortex; targets most tissues. Promotes male development/characteristics, increased LH stimulates secretion

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9
Q

oxytocin

A

nonapeptide from posterior pituitary; targets mammary glands, uterus, promotes smooth muscle contraction to eject milk, cervical distention and suckling stimulates, high progesterone inhibits

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10
Q

Prolactin (PL)

A

peptide from anterior pituitary, targets mammary cells (alveolar cells) to increase sysnthesis of milk proteins and growth of mammary glands, increase maternal behavior. Normally blocked by PL-ihibiting hormone (PIH), increased estrogen stops blocking

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11
Q

Sertoli

A

spermatogenesis

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12
Q

Leydig cells

A

site of testosterone proliferation

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13
Q

GnRH

A

stimulates FSH production, which stimulates estrogen and progesterone production. High levels of estrogen and progesterone block GnRH from binding

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14
Q

ADH (vasopressin)

A

nonapeptide from posterior pituitary, targets kidneys to increase water absorption, released in the presence of increased plasma osmotic or decreased blood volume

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15
Q

Calcitonin

A

peptide from thyroid, targets bones and kidneys to slow down release of Ca 2+ from bone and increase Ca2+/PO43- renal excretion. Increased plasma Ca2+ concentration stimulates release

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16
Q

Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

A

Steroid from adrenal cortex, promotes Na reabsorption from urinary filtrate (stimulated by angiotensin II release)

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17
Q

Parathryoid homrone (PTH)

A

peptide from parathryoid gland, targets bones/kidneys/intestines to increase Ca release from bone (and like calcitonin) increase Ca2+/PO43- renal excretion. Decreased Ca plasma levels stimulates production. Absorbed from GI tract from external sources

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18
Q

Glucagon

A

peptide from pancreas(alpha cells), targets liver/adipose tissues, stimulates glycogenolysis and release of glucose from liver; promotes lipolysis (fatty reduction). Increase secretion with low glucose serum, somatonstation inhibits release

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19
Q

Glucocortocoids (cortisol) (what we feel now)

A

steroid from adrenal cortex, targets liver/adipose tissue to increase blood sugar from stimulation of amino acids from muscles and gluconeogenesis in liver; increases transfer of fatty acids form adipose tissue to liver/exhibit anti-inflammatory action. Physiological stress increases secretion (working out) increases secretion; circadian clock via CRH and ACTH controls diurnal changes in secretion

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20
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

peptide from anterior pituitary, targets all tissues, increases RNA and protein synthesis, promotes tissue growth; increase glucose/amino acid transport into cells, increases lipolysis and antibody formation. Reduced plasma glucose and increased plasma amino acid levels stimulate release via GRH, somatostatin inhibits

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21
Q

Insulin

A

peptide from beta cells in pancreas (opposite for glucagon), targets all non-neuronal tissues to increase glucose and amino acid uptake by cells; inhibited by somatostatin, stimulated by high plasma glucose and amino acid levels and the presence of glucagon

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22
Q

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

A

catecholamine from adrenal medulla (chromaffin cells), targets most tissues; increases cardiac activity, glycolysis, hyperglycemia, and lipolysis, induces vasoconstriction; sympathetic stimulation via splanchnic nerves increases secretion

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23
Q

Thyroxine

A

Tyrosine derivative from thyroid that targets most cells, but especially muscle, heart, liver, and kidney to increase metabolic rate, thermogenesis, growth, and development; promotes amphibian metamorphosis. TSH induces release

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24
Q

Medulla

A

makes norepinephrine and epinephrine, the dopamine precursor to norepinephrine, neuroendocrine in origin

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25
Disorders of anterior pituitary
GH-can be overexpressed by benign tumor
26
Gigantism
overexpression of GH before puberty occurs (like andre the giant)
27
Acromegaly {Sherry :( }
overexpression of GH after puberty occurs, stimulates IGF-1 in liver with NO NEGATIVE FEEDBACK (tumor blocks IGF-3 negative feedback) Symptoms-overgrowth of bones and soft tissues (grow harder and thicker since longer isn't an option); Visual disturbances and HA from pressure of tumor; hyperglycemia; predisposed to atherosclerosis. Untreated-causes angina, HTN, left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiomegaly Treatment: removal of tumor through transphenoidal approach; Treatment: Hypophysectomy - removal of entire gland with lifetime hormone replacement *CSF leaking possible - test for it by looking for glucose in mucus
28
Hypopituitorism
decrease of one or more pituitary hormones (posterior pituitary-ADH, Oxytocin) (anterior pituitary-ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, GH, and prolactin) Causes-tumors(most common), infections, autoimmune disorders, pituitary infarction (Sheehan's syndrome), end-organ failure
29
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH) [super creative naming strategy here]
overproduction of ADH leading to: increase water reasorption, increase intravascular fluid volume (edema, that skin discoloration you sometimes seen in the elderly), (dilutional hyponatremia and decreased serum osmolarity), concentrated urine, decreased renal function (dialysis to treat)
30
Diabetes insipidus
deficiency of production or secretion of ADH OR decreased renal response to ADH. Increased urine production leading to dehydration and fluid and electrolyte imbalance
31
Thyroid Gland Disorders
Too much production of these leads to hypermetabolism
32
Goiters
Lacking I- in diet or infection, enlargement of thyroid coming from too much TSH Thyroid grows larger to seek iodine in blood
33
Hyperthyroidism
can lead to hypercalcemia.
34
Exophthalmos
hyperthyroidism leads to buildup of fat behind eyes, leading to protrusion of eyeballs from orbits
35
Hypothyroidism
Lowering of metabolism; sluggish, unable to respond to stress, can lead to cretinism (short stature and delayed mental acuity)
36
Adrenal Cortex Disorders
An increase in sodium absorption can drive a decrease in potassium absorption
37
Cushing's syndrome
Too much corticosteroid (cortisol), leads to fat deposits, stretch marks, bloating, acne, muscle degradation
38
Addison's Disease
lethargic, anemic, depression and delusions, bronzed looking skin and gums: result of hyperpigmentation of neck, face, nipples, genitals hypernatremia and dehydration
39
Corticosteroid imbalances
weakness and muscle atrophy, delayed healing; taking steroids for more than a week can permanently shut down adrenal gland, leading to decreased bone strength
40
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Pituitary hormone Targets the thyroid gland Glycoprotein increases synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones TRH induces secretion; thyroid hormones and somatostatin slows release
41
Luteininzing Hormone (LH)
Pituitary hormone Glycoprotein Targets ovarian interstitial cells (in females); targets testicular interstitial cells (in males) In females: induces final maturation of ovarian follicles, estrogen secretion, ovulation, corpus luteum formation, and progesterone secretion In males: increases synthesis and secretion of androgens GnRH stimulates release; inhibin and steroid sex hormones inhibit release
42
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Pituitary hormone Glycoprotein Targets ovarian follicles (in females); increases sperm production (in males) GnRH stimulates release; inhibin and sex hormones inhibit release
43
Adrenocoricotropic hormone (ACTH)
Pituitary hormone peptide Targets adrenal cortex Increases synthesis and secretion of steroid hormones by adrenal cortex Corticol releasing hormone (CRH) stimulates release; ACTH slows release of CRH
44
Somatostatin (GH inhibiting hormon [GIH])
Hypothalamus neurohormone peptide Inhibits release of GH and many other hormones (TSH, insulin, glucagon) Exercise induces secretion; hormone is rapidly inactivated in body tissue
45
Prolactin (inhibiting hormone)
Hypothalamus neurohormone amine Inhibits prolactin release High levels of prolactin increases secretion; estrogen, testosterone, and neuronal stimuli (suckling) inhibit secretion
46
MSH inhibiting hormone
Hypothalamus neurohormone peptide inhibits MSH release melatonin stimulates secretion
47
TSH releasing hormone
Hypothalamus neurohormone peptide stimulates TSH release and prolactin release Low body temp induces secretion; thyroid hormone inhibits secretion
48
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Hypothalamus neurohormone peptide stimulates release of FSH and LH In males: low blood testosterone levels stimulates secretion In females: neuronal input and decreased estrogen levels stimulate hormone high blood FSH and LH inhibits secretion
49
GH-releasing hormone
Hypothalamus neurohormone Peptide stimulates GH release Hypoglycemia stimulates secretion
50
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Hypothalamus neurohormone Peptide Stimulates ACTH release Stressful neuronal input increases secretion; ACTH inhibits secretion
51
Estrogen
Increased estrus and female secondary sexual characteristics; prepares reproductive system for fertilization and ovum implantation
52
Angiotensin II
Increases vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion Increases thirst and fluid ingestion Created from plasma angiotensinogen
53
Müllerian regression factor
Increases Müllerian duct regression (atrophy) in males | Secreted by Sertoli cells
54
Inhibin
Secreted by Sertoli cells | Lowers pituitary FSH secretion
55
Testosterone
Secreted by Leydig cells | increases male sexual development and behavior
56
Placental lactogen
Secreted by placenta Increases Fetal growth and development increases mammary gland development in mother
57
Chorionic gonadotropin
secreted by placenta | increases progesterone synthesis by corpus luteum
58
Melatonin
Secreted by pineal gland | Decreases gonadal development
59
Relaxin
Secreted by corpus luteum | Increases relaxation of pubic symphysis and dilation of uterine cervix
60
Eryhtropoietin
Secreted by kidneys | Increases production of red blood cells
61
Renin
Secreted by kidneys | increases conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin II
62
Calcitriol
Secreted by kidneys | increases blood calcium levels, bone formation, and intestinal absorption of calcium and phophate
63
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Secreted by atria as a response to atrial stretching | Increases salt and water excretion by kidney to lower blood pressure
64
Gastrin
Secreted by GI tract | increases gastric acid (HCl) secretion
65
Secretin
Secreted by GI tract | increases bicarbonate secretion by pancreatic acinar cells
66
Substance P
Secreted by GI tract | enteric neurotransmitter
67
CCK
Secreted by GI tract Increases secretion and enzymes by pancreas acinar cell Increases gallbladder contraction
68
Cortisol and corticortisone
Secreted by adrenal cortex | Increases carbohydrate metabolism and sympathetic function
69
Enclosion hormone
In insects, stimulates enclosure of pupa to become adult
70
Melanocyte
produced by para intermedia (between anterior and posterior pituitary)

Animal Physiology (2 decks)

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