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Immunology > Exam 3: Humoral Immune I > Flashcards

Exam 3: Humoral Immune I Flashcards

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1
Q

Passive humoral immune response
artificial
natural

A

artificial - immunoglobulins

natural - transplacental, colostrum, egg

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2
Q

Active humoral immune response
artificial
natural

A

artificial - vaccination

natural - diseases

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3
Q

B lymphocyte antigen receptors

characteristics (4)

A

200,000 - 500,000 BCRs on cell membrane

antibodies are soluble BCRs

all BCRs are antibodies

BCR and antibodies belong to superfamily of proteins: immunoglobulins

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4
Q

BCR strucutre

A

2 light chains and 2 heavy chains

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5
Q

what attaches light chain to heavy chain

A

light chain protein attached to heavy chain protein by disulfide bonds

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6
Q

what attaches heavy chains together

A

disulfide bonds attach heavy chains together

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7
Q

how many constant domains and variable domains in heavy and light chains

A

Light chain: 1 constant domain, 1 variable domain

Heavy chain: 3-4 constant domains, 1 variable domain

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8
Q

Fab and Fc

A

Fab is fragment antigen-binding
part of BCR above hinge region

Fc is fragment crystallization
part of BCR below hinge region

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9
Q

what is hinge region

A

part of heavy chain where disulfide bond is that connects the heavy chain

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10
Q

what enzyme causes fragmentation of antibody

A

papain or pepsin

breaks antibody into Fab and Fc

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11
Q

which fragment is more antigenic

A

Fc - because bigger and more constant

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12
Q

which fragment is used to avoid immune reaction in a receptor animal

A

Fab - smaller, has variable portions

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13
Q

Light chain domains

A

constant domain C1 (CL)
variable domain V1 (VL)
Light kappa chain (k)
Light lambda chain (λ)

Both light chains are the same, either both lambda or both kappa

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14
Q

Heavy chain domains

A

4-5 chains domain
always 1 variable, domain 3-4 constant domains

variable domain VH
Constant domain CH

five different types of heavy chain domains
     alpha (α) -- IgA
     gamma (γ) -- IgG
     delta (δ) -- IgD
     epsilon (ε) -- IgE
     mu (μ) -- IgM

both heavy chains are the same - both alpha, both gamma, both delta, both epsilon, or both mu

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15
Q

variable domain - hypervariable regions

A

AKA complementary determining regions (CDR)

3 regions (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3)

highly variable areas of variable domain

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16
Q

variable domain - framework regions

A

between hypervariable regions

relatively constant areas of variable domain

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17
Q

epitope-variable domain interaction

A

complementary determining regions come together with epitope

when epitope not there the space is called a paratope

like a lock and key
key is the epitope, lock is the receptor
need correct epitope for a specific receptor

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18
Q

what part of the antibody does the antigen bind to

A

the variable domain

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19
Q

differences between different types of heavy chains

A

alpha, gamma, and delta heavy chains – 3 constant domains –> CH1, CH2, CH3

mu and epsilon heavy chains – 4 constant domains –> CH1, CH2, CH3, and CH4

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20
Q

what part of antibody is the antigen binding site

A

VH + VL

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21
Q

what part of antibody stabilizes the antigen binding site

A

CH1 + CL

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22
Q

Why do IgG and IgM antibodies have complement activating regions

A

IgG and IgM can activate the classical pathway of the complement system

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23
Q

Which part of the antibody can move

A

Fab part can move in order to have better interaction with the antigen

both Fab parts can move

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24
Q

what “CD” is present on all B cells and not present on T cells

A

CD 79

if want to find only B cells can use antibody against CD 79

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25
CD 21 and CD 19 interaction
CD 21 - complement receptor for C3d CD 19 - signaling component CD21 binds to C3d Signaling through CD19, it generates a potent costimulatory signal to enhance B cell responses
26
B cell crosslinking
Activates B cells Triggers cell division, differentiation, and immunoglobulin synthesis both NF-kB and NF-AT are involved in B cell signal transduction
27
what must happen for B cell to respond to antigen
B cell must be stimulated by antigen B cell must receive co-stimulation from T helper cells and their cytokines
28
what do B cells differentiate into
Plasma cells that produce antibodies or memory cells
29
what do memory cells do
memory cells produce primary immune response and are APC in secondary immune response
30
what does Th2 promote
humoral immune response
31
IL - 4 (3 things)
Increased growth and differentiation of B cells Increased expression of MHC II Induces Ig class switching
32
IL-5 (4 things)
B cell differentiation into plasma cells Stimulates IgM and IgG production IL-5 + IL-4 induced IgE production Selectively stimulates IgA production
33
IL-6 (3 things)
Needed for final differentiation of B cells into plasma cells IL-6 + IL-5 promotes IgA production IL-6 + IL-1 promotes IgM production
34
IL-13 (2 things)
Similar to IL-4 Required for optimal induction of IgE
35
what happens during primary immune resposne
antigen is processed by a dendritic cells and presented to the helper T cell
36
what happens during the secondary immune response
the B cell itself can act as an APC Co-stimulators (CD154, CD28) engage serially to trigger IL-4 secretion by the T cell and IL-4R production by the B cell
37
CD154 and CD 40 interaction
CD 154 on T cell CD40 on B cell --> proliferation, Ig production, Ig class switching CD40 on dendritic cell --> antigen presentation, cytokine production, cell survival Cd40 on macrophage --> cytokine production, activation
38
what happens when PAMPs bind to TLR on B cell (5)
B cell activation and proliferation No participation of helper T cells Only IgM response No memory cells No immunoglobulin class switching
39
what kind of antigen can BCRs bind to
free soluble antigens recognizes "native" epitopes as opposed to processed epitopes
40
antigen + BCR and presence of helper T cell causes (3)
increased IgM BCR Increased MCH II increased IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, TNF-a, TGF-B receptors
41
Ig class switching
IL-4 --> IgG, IgE IFN- γ --> IgG TGF-B --> IgA Il-5, IL-6 --> IgG, IgM, IgA
42
plasma cells
short lived population - 1 or 2 weeks spleen and lymph nodes after immunization long lived population - months to years accumulate in bone marrow
43
memory cells
long lived resting memory cells survival do not depend on antigen contact large and dividing memory cells survival depends on antigen contact memory cells survival in humans - 60 years
44
germinal center
antigen derived cell proliferation somatic hypermutation positive and negative B cell selection stimulated B cells + Th cells migrate to germinal center around 6 days after response begins
45
antibodies fight against?
viruses protozoa bacteria toxins
46
local and general specific protection by antibodies
milk body surfaces blood circulation
47
antibodies - multiple immunoglobulin classes
``` IgM IgG IgA IgE IgD ```
48
serum concentration of immunoglobulin classes
``` IgG - highest IgM IgA IgD IgE - lowest ```
49
where does IgA have a high concentration
saliva, milk, GI fluids
50
IgG (4)
plasma cells in spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow important in inflammation agglutination, opsonization activate classical complement pathway
51
IgM (5)
plasma cells in secondary lymphoid organs complement activation site is on CH4 major Ig produced in primary immune response opsonization, virus neutralization, agglutination not very important in inflammation
52
IgA (3)
plasma cells in body surfaces: intestines, respiratory tract, urinary system, skin, mammary gland transported through intestinal epithelial cells into external secretions major Ig in external secretions of non ruminants
53
IgE (6)
Produced by plasma cells located under body surfaces IgE attached to FceRI on mast cells and basophils IgE + antigen --> inflammation --> enhances local defense release inflammatory molecules from mast cells immunity against parasites shortest half life of all Igs
54
IgD (4)
not present in cats, chickens, rabbits IgD mainly attached to B cells some circulating IgD binds to basophils = IL-4, IL-1, cathelicidins, and B cell activator factor mediated link between innate and adaptive immune response
55
what do all cattle possess
a complete set of classes and sub classes (isotypes)
56
within a population what do individual cattle possess
different allotypes Example: IgG2(A1) or IgG2(A2)
57
what does each individual animal have
a very large number of different idiotypes
58
exons vs introns
Intron - don't code for protein and are deleted from gene Exon - each exon codes for a different component of the constant domain of the heavy chain example: exon 1 may code for CH1 while exon 2 codes for CH2 and exon 3 codes for CH3 a different set of genes codes for the variable domain
59
Antibody production
``` V(D)J recombination = antigen binding site variable part V = variable gene D = diversity gene J = joining gene ``` Antigen activation of B cells = switch in the class of antibody --> constant part
60
class switching
genes that code for different Ig classes are deleted and the variable gene and correct Ig class gene are joined Example: want IgA V -- Cmu -- Cdelta -- Cgamma -- Cepsilon -- Calpha Delete Cmu, Cdelta, Cgamma, Cepsilon to get V -- -- -- -- -- Calpha join these to make IgA --> V--Calpha
61
IgM serving as BCRs have a choice as to which C terminal domain they will use
Membrane bound form uses hydrophobic transmembrane domain (CmuM) Secreted form deletes this sequence and uses CmuS gene difference between the 2 forms is determined by RNA splicing following transcription
62
antibody levels at first and second doses of antigen
first dose - IgM is higher second dose - IgG is higher at second dose total Ig is much higher than at first dose
63
primary vs secondary immune response - levels of Ig
Primary immune response -- IgM Secondary immune response -- IgG secondary immune response - antigen is recognized by memory cells
64
Which Ig has the most subclasses
IgG has the most subclasses (all species in chart) IgA has a few subclasses in some species (sheep, mice, humans) IgM has 2 subclasses in humans IgE has 2 subclasses in dogs (might have 2 in cats) Cats do not have IgD (or it hasn't been found yet?)
65
What are each of the Ig classes involved in
**IgM and IgG activate classical complement pathway IgA1 activate lectin complement pathway **IgG - placental transfer IgG1, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2, IgE - binding to macrophages and other phagocytes **IgE - high affinity binding to mast cells and basophils IgE - lowest serum content
66
Where can each Ig be found
IgA - provides immunity in mucosa including urinary, reproductive tract, gut, respiratory IgE - skin and mucosa (linings?) IgG - provides systemic protection IgM and IgG - blood circulation Can't find IgM in other parts of body because it is too big

Immunology (15 decks)

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