Exam 3 IDs Flashcards
(14 cards)
Taylorism
Known as Scientific management, emerged in the late 19th and early 20th century. Associated with the work of Fredrick Winslow Taylor.
-This aimed to improve industrial efficiency and productivity through systematic study and optimization of work processes.
-Taylors ideas laid groundwork for modern management techniques and practices, influencing both business operations and organizations.
Global reach: Principles of Taylorism spread beyond the US, impacting industries worldwide and contributing to development of mass production techniques.
Principles:
Scientific Approach: Taylor advocated for a methodical approach to work, using time and motion studies to analyze tasks and establish the most efficient ways to perform them.
Standardization: Tasks were standardized to ensure consistency and efficiency. This included creating specific guidelines for how tasks should be performed and the tools used.
Specialization: Workers were assigned specific tasks that matched their skills, leading to greater efficiency and productivity. This division of Labor minimized time lost in transitioning between tasks.
Training/development: Taylor emphasized the importance of training workers to follow prescribed methods, ensuring that they could perform their tasks optimally.
Management Control: Taylorism shifted the control of work processes from workers to management, with managers responsible for planning and overseeing work, while workers executed tasks.
Impact: Taylorism significantly increased productivity in factories, especially in industries like manufacturing and assembly lines.
-there often was conflict and tension between management and labor, as workers resisted the dehumanizing aspects of strict supervision and repetitive tasks.
Criticism: Faced critics for its mechanistic view of workers, treating them as cogs in a machine rather than individuals. Critics argued that it could lead to worker alienation and dissatisfaction.
Overall Taylorism played a critical role in shaping modern industrial practices and management strategies leaving a lasting legacy in Various Fields.
“Old”/”New” immigrants
Term “old immigrants” and “ new immigrants” generally refers to waves of immigration to the United States during different periods, each characterized by distinct national origins, motives, and experiences.
OLD IMMIGRATION: white, Christian, English speaking
-Time period: primarily from early 1600’s to the 1890’s
-Origins: mostly from Northern and Western Europe, including England, Ireland, France, Holland, Germany and Scandanavia.
-Characteristics: Many were skilled workers, farmers, or members of religious groups seeking freedom. Often settled to rural areas or absorbed into existing communities.
-Integration: Generally faced less discrimination and were more likely to be accepted int American Society.
NEW IMMIGRATION: darker complexion, Catholic/Jewish, most didn’t speak English.
-Time period: From 1890’s -1924
-Origin: primarily from Southern/Eastern Europe, Italy, Poland, Russia, Greece, as well as Asia and Latin America (Increase in People coming to US)
-Characteristics: Many came seeking economic opportunities or fleeing persecution (refugees fleeing due to war or violence). They often settled in Urban areas and worked in factories or low skilled jobs.
-Integration: Faced significant discrimination and nativist backlash, often struggling to blend in due to language barriers and cultural differences.
Discriminated often due to outer appearance, language, and religion. Jews and Catholics were seen as un-loyal to government because they follow and based opinions off of the Pope
1914: WW1 began, which severely disrupted migration
These distinctions highlight the changing nature of immigration patterns and the varying responses from American Society over time.
Herbert Hoover
Was the 31st president of the United States serving from 1929 to 1933.
Early Life:
-From West Branch Iowa
-Studied at Stanford University and became successful through business and being a mining engineer.
Pre-Presidency:
-Public Service: Hoover gained fame for his humanization efforts, particularly during WW1 when he coordinated food relief for Belgium
-Government Votes: served as secretary of commerce under President Warren G. Harding, and Calvin Coolidge, where he promoted business and gov. cooperation.
Presidency:
-Election: elected in 1928, as republican and promising prosperity.
-Great Depression: Began in 1929, which his administration struggled to effectively address the economic crisis, leading to widespread unemployment and hardship.
-Response to Great Depression: Hoover believed in Limited gov. intervention and favored voluntary measures and public work projects, but his policies were seen as inadequate
Legacy:
-Public perception: His reputation suffered due to his handling of the Great Depression he lost 1932 election to Franklin D. Roosevelt.
-Post Presidency: After leaving office, he remained active in public service, contributing to various humanization efforts and writing extensively.
Hoovers presidency is often viewed as a pivotal moment in American History, marking transition in the role of gov. in economic affairs.
Zimmerermann Telegram (1917)
Zimmerman Telegram was a secret diplomatic communication sent by the Germen Empire to Mexico on January 16, 1917, during WW1
Proposition to Mexico:
-The telegram proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico if the US entered the war against Germany.
-In return Germany promised to support Mexico in reclaiming Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.
Interception:
-British intelligence intercepted and decrypted the telegram, recognizing its potential impact.
Significance:
-Influence on the US public opinion: When the British shared the telegram w/ the US gov, it stirred public outrage and contributed to anti- German sentiment.
-US entry in WW1: The telegram was one of the several factors that led to the US formally entering the war on the side of the allies in April 1917.
Aftermath:
-Impact on Relations: The revelation of the Telegraph damaged Germany’s relations with Mexico and heightened tensions between US and Germany.
-Historical Context: The Zimmerman Telegraph is often cited as a pivotal moment that shifted US policy from neutrality to active involvement in the War.
National Ogrins Act (1924)
-Significant piece of US immigration Legislation that aimed to restrict immigration from certain countries, particularly in Southern and eastern Europe, as well as Asia.
-Established quota system based on the 1890 census, favoring immigrants from Northern and Western Europe.
Key aspects:
1.Quota Systems: act set up quotas that united the number of immigrants from each country to 2% of the immigrants from that country already living in the US, as of the 1890 census, which effectively favored those who lived in the US.
- Exclusion of certain groups: explicitly banned immigrants from Asia, notably through the exclusion of Japanese immigrants, which heightened racial tensions.
- Impact on Immigrants: Act drastically reduced overall immigration levels, shaping the demographic makeup of the US for decades. It reflected the nativists sentiments of the time, as many Americans feared the cultural changed that new immigrants might bring.
4.Long Term affects: The quotas remained in effect until the immigration and National Act of 1965, which eliminated the national origins system aimed for a more equitable approach to immigration.
-the national origins act is often viewed as a reflection of the racial and ethnic biases prevalent in the US during the early 20th century.
American Relief Administration (ARA)
1919-24
Established in 1919 to provide food and aid support to countries affected by WW1, particularly in Europe.
Key Points:
- Founding: ARA was led by Herbert Hoover, who later became the 31st president. It was originally created as a temporary organization to address the immediate humanization crisis caused by the war.
- Mission: The primary goal was to alleviate widespread famine and suffering, especially in Belgium and other war-torn regions. The ARA coordinated the distributions of food and relief supplies to millions of people.
- Scale of operations: The ARA became one of the largest humanization efforts in history at the time. it provided aid to about 20 million people across Europe and helped stabilize economies in the aftermath of war.
- Funding and Logistics: organization raised funds through donations and government support, and it developed extensive logistical networks to deliver aid effectively.
- Legacy: ARAs success in addressing immediate needs of post-war populations laid the groundwork for future humanization relief efforts, also highlighted the importance of organized aid and international cooperation in times of crisis.
-ARA operated until 1924, transitioning into a more permanent form of international humanitarian aid and setting procedures for future relief organizations.
Hawley- Smoot Tariff (1930)
The Hawley-Smoot Tariff, officially known as the Tariff Act of 1930, was a significant piece of legislation in the United States that raised tariffs on a wide range of imported goods. It was enacted during a period of economic downturn, just before the Great Depression.
Purpose: The tariff aimed to protect American industries and jobs by making foreign goods more expensive, thus encouraging consumers to buy domestic products.
Impact on Trade: Instead of providing the intended economic relief, the tariff contributed to a decline in international trade. Many countries retaliated with their own tariffs, leading to a significant reduction in global commerce.
Economic Consequences: The tariff is often cited as exacerbating the economic conditions of the Great Depression, as it limited trade and reduced overall economic activity.
Political Context: It was passed by a Republican-controlled Congress and signed into law by President Herbert Hoover, despite widespread criticism from economists and trading partners.
Legacy: The Hawley-Smoot Tariff is often referenced in discussions about protectionism and its potential negative effects on the economy, serving as a cautionary tale in economic policy.
Overall, the Hawley-Smoot Tariff is a notable example of how trade policies can have unintended consequences, especially during economic crises.
Woody Guthrie
During the Great Depression, Woody Guthrie emerged as a voice for the disenfranchised and a chronicler of the struggles faced by ordinary Americans. The economic hardship of the 1930s deeply influenced his music and writing.
Traveling across the country, particularly in California, Guthrie witnessed the impact of the Dust Bowl and the plight of migrant workers. His songs often depicted the struggles of laborers, the homeless, and families in search of work and stability. Many of his lyrics called attention to social injustices, capturing the despair and resilience of the people he encountered.
Guthrie’s music served as both a form of protest and a source of hope, resonating with those who felt abandoned by society. Songs like “This Land Is Your Land” not only celebrated the beauty of America but also critiqued the disparity between its promise and the reality for many.
His experiences during this tumultuous period shaped his identity as an artist committed to social change, making him a key figure in the folk music movement and an enduring symbol of American social activism.
New Deal (1933-1940)
The New Deal was a series of federal programs and reforms implemented in the United States between 1933 and 1940 in response to the Great Depression. Initiated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the New Deal aimed to provide relief to the unemployed, stimulate economic recovery, and reform the financial system to prevent future depressions.
Key Components of the New Deal:
Relief Programs: These aimed to provide immediate assistance to those in need. Notable programs included the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), which offered jobs in natural resource conservation, and the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which employed millions in public works projects.
Recovery Measures: The New Deal sought to revive the economy through various initiatives. The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) aimed to boost industry and employment, while the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) sought to stabilize prices for farmers by reducing production.
Reform Legislation: To prevent future economic crises, the New Deal introduced significant reforms. The Social Security Act established a social safety net for the elderly and unemployed, while the Securities Act and the Glass-Steagall Act aimed to regulate the banking sector and protect investors.
Infrastructure Development: The New Deal included massive public works projects, such as the construction of roads, bridges, and schools, which not only provided jobs but also improved the nation’s infrastructure.
Labor Rights: The New Deal supported labor rights, leading to the establishment of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), which protected workers’ rights to organize and engage in collective bargaining.
Impact:
The New Deal significantly changed the role of the federal government in American life, establishing a precedent for federal involvement in the economy and social welfare. While it did not fully end the Great Depression, it helped stabilize the economy and provided a framework for future social programs. The New Deal also faced criticism from both conservatives and progressives, leading to debates about the balance between government intervention and free market principles.
Overall, the New Deal left a lasting legacy on American society, influencing policies and attitudes toward government responsibility for economic well-being.
Atlantic Charter (1941)
The Atlantic Charter was a pivotal policy statement issued during World War II on August 14, 1941, by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Although the U.S. had not yet entered the war, the Charter outlined the two nations’ vision for a post-war world and established a framework for international cooperation.
Key Principles of the Atlantic Charter:
No Territorial Expansion: Both leaders agreed that neither the U.S. nor the U.K. sought territorial gains as a result of the war.
Self-Determination: The Charter emphasized the right of all peoples to choose their own form of government and stressed the importance of self-determination.
Economic Cooperation: It called for improved global economic collaboration and access to trade, with an aim to enhance economic prosperity for all nations.
Freedom of the Seas: The Charter affirmed the importance of freedom of navigation on the high seas, promoting free trade and open access for all nations.
Disarmament: The need for disarmament of aggressor nations was highlighted, with a commitment to work towards a more peaceful world.
Social Welfare: The Charter included a commitment to ensure improved social conditions and better living standards for all.
Significance:
The Atlantic Charter was significant for several reasons:
Foundation for Alliances: It solidified the partnership between the U.S. and the U.K. and laid the groundwork for future cooperation among Allied nations during the war.
Influence on the UN: Many of the principles outlined in the Charter later influenced the establishment of the United Nations in 1945, particularly the emphasis on self-determination, economic cooperation, and collective security.
Moral Framework: The Charter provided a moral framework for the Allied cause, asserting that the fight against Axis powers was not just a military struggle but also a battle for fundamental human rights and freedoms.
Overall, the Atlantic Charter marked a crucial step in shaping post-war international relations and set the stage for a more cooperative global order in the years to come.
Lend Lease (1941+)
The Lend-Lease Act, enacted in March 1941, was a crucial U.S. policy during World War II that allowed the United States to provide military aid and supplies to Allied nations without direct payment. The program was designed to support countries like the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, and others fighting against Axis powers, particularly as the U.S. had not yet entered the war.
Key Features of the Lend-Lease Act:
Military and Economic Aid: The act authorized the transfer of arms, ammunition, food, and other supplies to Allied nations. This included everything from tanks and planes to foodstuffs and medical supplies.
“Arsenal of Democracy”: President Franklin D. Roosevelt referred to the U.S. as the “arsenal of democracy,” emphasizing its role in supporting those fighting against tyranny. The act was framed as a means to protect U.S. interests and promote global stability.
No Immediate Payment Required: Instead of traditional sales, Lend-Lease allowed the U.S. to lend or lease equipment and supplies to Allied nations, with the expectation that they would be returned or compensated for after the war.
Global Impact: By providing crucial support, Lend-Lease significantly bolstered the military capabilities of Allied nations, particularly the U.K. and the Soviet Union, and helped to sustain them during critical periods of the war.
Extension of Aid: Over the course of the war, the program expanded, eventually providing aid valued at over $50 billion (equivalent to over $700 billion today) to numerous countries.
Significance:
The Lend-Lease Act marked a turning point in U.S. foreign policy, moving away from isolationism toward greater involvement in global affairs. It demonstrated America’s commitment to supporting Allies and laid the groundwork for its eventual entry into World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941.
The act also had lasting implications for post-war international relations, as it established the U.S. as a dominant global power and helped foster alliances that would shape the post-war world order.
Japanese Internment (1942-1945)
Japanese internment during World War II refers to the forced relocation and incarceration of around 120,000 Japanese Americans, most of whom were U.S. citizens, in response to fears of espionage and sabotage after the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. This policy was enacted by the U.S. government in 1942 and lasted until 1945.
Key Aspects of Japanese Internment:
Executive Order 9066: Issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in February 1942, this order authorized the military to designate certain areas as military zones from which “enemy aliens” could be excluded. This led to the internment of Japanese Americans, primarily on the West Coast.
Internment Camps: Japanese Americans were forcibly removed from their homes and placed in internment camps, often under harsh conditions. Families lived in cramped barracks with minimal privacy, and many lost their homes, businesses, and livelihoods.
Justifications: The U.S. government justified the internment by citing national security concerns, despite a lack of evidence that Japanese Americans posed a threat. In reality, many were loyal citizens, and the decision was largely influenced by wartime hysteria and racial prejudice.
Life in the Camps: Conditions in the camps were often difficult, with inadequate facilities, limited healthcare, and restricted freedoms. Families faced significant hardships, and the experience left lasting psychological and emotional scars.
Legal Challenges and Resistance: Some Japanese Americans challenged the internment in court, leading to landmark cases like Korematsu v. United States. However, the Supreme Court upheld the internment as a wartime necessity, a ruling that has been widely criticized in hindsight.
Post-War Developments:
End of Internment: The internment began to wind down in 1945, as the war came to a close and public sentiment shifted.
Redress and Apology: In the decades following the war, there was growing acknowledgment of the injustices faced by Japanese Americans. In 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act, which provided reparations to surviving internees and formally apologized for the government’s actions.
Significance:
Japanese internment is now viewed as a significant violation of civil rights and a cautionary tale about the consequences of racial prejudice and wartime fear. It highlights the importance of protecting individual liberties, even in times of crisis, and serves as a reminder of the need for vigilance against discrimination and injustice.
Guadalcanal (1942-1943)
The Battle of Guadalcanal, fought from August 1942 to February 1943, was a significant military campaign during World War II and marked the first major offensive by Allied forces against the Japanese Empire in the Pacific Theater.
Key Points of the Guadalcanal Campaign:
Strategic Importance: Guadalcanal, part of the Solomon Islands, was critical for controlling sea routes and preventing Japanese expansion toward Australia. Capturing the island would also disrupt Japanese supply lines and provide a base for Allied operations.
Initial Assault: The campaign began with the landing of U.S. Marines on August 7, 1942. They quickly captured the airfield being built by the Japanese, which was later named Henderson Field. This airfield became a focal point for both sides during the conflict.
Japanese Counterattacks: Following the initial landings, the Japanese launched several counterattacks to retake the airfield and strengthen their position. The fighting was intense and brutal, marked by fierce jungle combat, naval battles, and significant casualties on both sides.
Naval Engagements: The battle featured significant naval confrontations, including the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal in November 1942, where U.S. forces engaged the Imperial Japanese Navy. The U.S. victory helped secure control of the waters around the island.
Harsh Conditions: Troops faced not only combat but also harsh environmental conditions, including tropical diseases, food shortages, and difficult terrain. Morale was challenged, but the tenacity of the Allied forces played a crucial role in the campaign.
Turning Point: By early 1943, after months of fighting, Japanese forces were depleted and unable to reinforce their positions. The Allies successfully secured Guadalcanal in February 1943, marking a significant turning point in the Pacific War.
Significance:
The victory at Guadalcanal was the first major offensive success for the Allies against Japan and had several important implications:
Momentum Shift: It marked the beginning of a series of offensive operations by Allied forces in the Pacific, shifting the momentum from defense to offense.
Japanese Strategy: The loss forced Japan to abandon its expansionist strategy and begin a defensive posture, while the Allies gained a crucial base for further operations in the Solomon Islands and beyond.
Casualties and Lessons Learned: The campaign resulted in heavy casualties on both sides, with an estimated 30,000 Japanese and about 14,000 Allied troops killed or wounded. The lessons learned from the battle informed future amphibious operations in the Pacific.
Overall, the Battle of Guadalcanal played a crucial role in shaping the course of the war in the Pacific and laid the groundwork for subsequent Allied victories.
D-Day (1944)
D-Day, June 6, 1944, was one of the most significant events of World War II, marking the beginning of the Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied Western Europe. This operation, known as Operation Overlord, was a massive military effort that aimed to liberate Western Europe from German control.
Key Aspects of D-Day:
Planning and Coordination: The operation was meticulously planned and involved extensive coordination among Allied forces, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and several other nations. The planning included deception operations, such as Operation Fortitude, to mislead the Germans about the actual landing site.
Landing Sites: D-Day involved landings at five beachheads along the Normandy coast, codenamed Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword. Each beach was assigned to different Allied forces, with American troops landing at Utah and Omaha, British forces at Gold and Sword, and Canadian troops at Juno.
Massive Naval and Air Support: The invasion was supported by an extensive naval armada and aerial bombardment. Thousands of ships and aircraft were involved, providing cover and transporting troops and supplies.
Challenges and Resistance: The landings faced fierce resistance from well-entrenched German forces. Omaha Beach, in particular, was the site of intense fighting, with heavy casualties among American troops. The challenges included fortified positions, rough seas, and difficult terrain.
Casualties: On D-Day itself, it is estimated that around 4,400 Allied troops were killed, with thousands more wounded. The heavy losses underscored the high stakes of the operation and the determination of the Allied forces.
Successful Establishment of a Beachhead: Despite the fierce resistance, the Allies were able to secure the beachheads by the end of the day, allowing for the subsequent buildup of troops and supplies. This success laid the groundwork for the liberation of France and the eventual defeat of Nazi Germany.
Significance:
D-Day was a turning point in World War II for several reasons:
Opening a Western Front: It established a crucial Western front against Nazi Germany, which diverted German resources and attention away from the Eastern Front.
Momentum Shift: The successful invasion marked the beginning of a series of Allied offensives that would lead to the liberation of France and, ultimately, the collapse of Nazi Germany.
Symbol of Allied Cooperation: D-Day exemplified the collaboration of Allied forces from various nations, showcasing a united front against fascism.
Overall, D-Day was not only a military triumph but also a symbol of hope and resilience for the Allied nations and a critical step toward ending the war in Europe.
