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PSYC 350 > Exam 3 Ilardi > Flashcards

Exam 3 Ilardi Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

What is trauma?

A

Exposure to death, threatened death, actual.threatened serious injury, or actual/threatened sexual violence

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2
Q

What are the 4 ways people experience trauma

A
  1. direct exposure
  2. witnessing in person
  3. indirect exposure through a friend/relative
  4. Repeated indirect exposure to aversive details of the event (first-responders, paramedics)
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3
Q

How long do trauma symptoms need to past to become PTSD?

A

one month or longer

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4
Q

What are the 4 symptoms of PTSD?

A

Intrusion
Avoidance
Altered Cognition/Mood
Hyperarousal (SNS)

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5
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of PTSD?

A

7%

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6
Q

What percent of the population will experience some type of trauma?

A

70%

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7
Q

What percent of the population who experiences trauma will develop full blown PTSD?

A

10%

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8
Q

What are the two stress hormones associated with trauma?

A

cortisol and norepinephrine

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9
Q

Cortisol funciton

A

interference with memory consolidation

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10
Q

Norepinephrine function

A

promoting the formation of new memories

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11
Q

in PTSD, there is abnormally low/high levels of cortisol and NE?

A

Low cortisol= so no suppression of traumatic memory (you remember it)
High NE= memory imprint on trauma

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12
Q

What are the 6 predictors of PTSD?

A
  1. genetic vulnerability (.3)
  2. neurological vulnerability
  3. lack of social support
  4. perceived severity of trauma
  5. use of physical violence in trauma
  6. DSM co-morbidity (2x risk with another diagnoses)
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13
Q

What is the adverse childhood experience study?

A

evidence that childhood trauma can permanently change the brain-
3x more likely to develop PTSD.
2x more likely to become clinically depressed.
20x as likely to be suicidal
aversive event=unpleasant event

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14
Q

What are 5 treatments of PTSD?

A 
medication
CBT
EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing)
psychodymanic therapy
CISD?
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15
Q

Medications for PTSD

A

antidepressant and anti-anxiety. Benzos=more likely to develop PTSD (suppresses cortisol)

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16
Q

CBT for PTSD

A

graded exposure to traumatic memories, processing trauma, and modifying beliefs (making sense of yourself and what happened by coming up with new scemas)

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17
Q

EMDR for PTSD

A

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. exposure therapy

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18
Q

Psychodynamic theory for PTSD

A

talk therapy, gradual (freud!)

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19
Q

CISD?

A

critical incident stress debriefing

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20
Q

DSM 5 diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder (9)

A 
depressed mood
loss of interest/pleasure in activities
changes in sleep
change in weight/appetite
psychomotor retardation/agitation
loss of energy
excessive guild/worthlessness
concentration difficulty/ making decisions
thoughts of death
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21
Q

DMS requirements for major depressive disorder diagnoses

A

5 or more symptoms for two or more weeks (most of the day, everyday)
1 of the 5 must be depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure in activities

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22
Q

Major Depressive episode=

A 
unipolar symptoms (go from OK to depressed to OK)
episode- major feature of MDD
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23
Q

What is important when storing memories?

A

The mood state you are in at that time

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24
Q

Lifetime risk prevalence of major depressive disorder

A

23%…..maybe closer to 50 now

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25
how much has antidepressant use gone up since 1990?
more than tripled
26
How many Americans are currently taking antidepressants?
1/9 americans
27
Aneuresis describes what?
kids who wet the beds because of antidepressants
28
The risk of a child having a suicidal thought ________ when on antidepressants
doubles
29
gender ratio of depression
2:1 F:M (1:1 during childhood and old age)
30
what is the highest risk of onset age?
12-24 years (45-54 for women)=peri-menopause
31
What is the risk of relapse of depression? After 3 episodes?
80%.....90%
32
What helps buffer against risk of another depressive episode?
social support
33
What is the cost of depression?
$50 billion a year
34
Depression is the leading cause of __________ globally
disability
35
depression increases the risk of _________ because of inflammation
cancer
36
How many suicides are there per year?
30,000-40,000 (more if reported correctly...not because sparing the family)
37
How many suicide attempts are fatal?
1/10
38
how many suicides involve alcohol or other disinhibiting agents?
1/2
39
Why do risk of suicide increase when the person starts to get better?
their energy level is up (they have the drive to actually pull the trigger)
40
What are the 4 elements of suicide risk?
Ideation 50% intent plan means
41
what is the "contract for safety"
when people make a contract with a professional they says they wont end their lives during treatment
42
what is involuntary commitment composed of? (3 things, but really 2)
1. help person identify their reason to live | 2. extenuate the cost of suicide
43
what is social contagion?
by seeing someone else (high profile=celebrity) commit suicide it'll increase the risk of someone who is suicidal to actually do it
44
what is parasuicidality?
"self harm=seems like suicidal but isnt" | parallel to suicide but isnt. some just like the endorphins from cutting
45
What are the 3 types of insomnia?
Onset- trouble falling asleep Middle- trouble staying asleep **terminal-waking up early and wont go back to asleep
46
what percent of depressed individuals commit suicide?
4% 1/25
47
what percent of suicide victims are clinically depressed?
85%
48
what is the second leading cause of death in young adults and adolescents?
suicide
49
what is the best psychological predictor of suicide?
hopelessness
50
chromosome 17- serotonin transporter gene component
long or short regulates how many serotonin transporters you have long=more, short=less serotonin= emotion response gene (mood), social drive, stress response
51
(Neurobiology) what are the 3 neurotransmitter systems involved in depression?
Serotonin, social drive dopamine, pleasure/rewards, goals, motivation CRH- stress response protein- master protein!
52
what releases CRH
hypothalamus
53
(neuroendocrine) what are the hormones associated with depression?(3)
cortisol= stress hormone estrogen/progesterone, testosterone=drop in mood inflammatory hormones= shuts down stress response
54
What is a supplement that bring down inflammation?
Omega 3s
55
frontal cortex role in depression
reduction of left frontal cortex activity
56
sleep with depression
less slow wave, more REM. bad. (terminal insomnia!)
57
Depression drug treatments: SSRIs | 1. Prozac=
fluoxetine
58
Depression drug treatments: SSRIs | 2. Paxil
paroxetine
59
Depression drug treatments: SSRIs | 3. Zoloft
setraline
60
Depression drug treatments: SSRIs | 4. Celexa
citalopram
61
Depression drug treatments: SSRIs | 5. Lexapro
escitalopram
62
Depression drug treatments : SNRIs | 1. Effexor=
venlafaxine
63
Depression drug treatments: SSNIs | 2. pristique=
desvenlafaxine
64
Depression drug treatments: SSNIs | 3. cymbalta
duloxetine
65
short term recovery of SSRIs and SNRIs
25-35%
66
what are the 4 ranges of depression?
mild, moderate, severe, very severe
67
which range of depression showed the meds beating placebo?
very severe
68
what is the STAR*D trial?
>4000 patients, start on Celexa, keep trying new meds until patient recovers (<6% fully recover for 1 yr.)
69
Tricycles
like SSRI but lethal overdose potential imipramine/tonofranil anitriptyline/elavil
70
Atypical antidepressants (2)
Wellbutrin (bupropion) | Remeron (mirtzapine)
71
wellbutrin
works on reward circuits of the brain increases anxiety can increase seizure likelihood
72
St. John's Wort
``` herbal antidepressant (uses hypericum-increases serotonin signaling, anti-inflammatory) cheaper than meds, less side effects ```
73
Environmental mutations= | more modern=
humans used to live in hunter-gatherer conditions for 99% of existence higher rates of depression
74
Ancestral environment had less stress/depression because of these built in anti-depressant factors (6)
1. aerobic exercise-goals (serotonin and BDNF) 2. omega 3 fatty acids (anti-inflammatory) 3. natural sunlight(vitamin D, reset body clock) 4. sleep (8hr target) 5. social connectivity/community (no cell phones) 6. engaging activity vs. idle alone time (rumination)
75
what is the most widely used procedure for any psyc disorder?
cognitive therapy (connecting how we think about things and how we feel about them)
76
who invented CT? What was his research based on from other philosophers?
aaron beck change mind=change life cognitive modification=behavioral activation
77
effects of CT long and short term
50-60% short term (same as meds) | long term- a little higher
78
involuntary negative interpretation of events
automatic thoughts
79
"all or nothing" thinking, gives rise to automatic thoughts
logical errors
80
mental representations about our world, core beliefs
schemas
81
Possible side effects of antidepressants (main 4)
anorgasmia/sexual response emotional numbing activation syndrome(aggression) birth defects
82
how more likely are people with bipolar disorder to commit suicide?
3x more likely (12%)
83
What is mania?
elevated irritable mood, and increased energy/activity
84
DSM diagnostic criteria mania
one week or more of elevated mood (3 of these; grandiosity self esteem, decreased need for sleep, pressured speech, racing thoughts, increased goal directed activities, extreme distractibility, increase in painful activity that emits pleasure) funcitonal impariment
85
hypomania
symptoms of mania, just no functional impairment
86
mixed episode
symptoms of both mania and depression= deadly
87
Bipolar=
high and low of mania and depression
88
Bipolar Type I
mania (with or without depression history)
89
Bipolar Type II
hypomania (with depression history)
90
Bipolar Type III
mania induced by drugs
91
prevalences of bipolar disorder
4%
92
what can trigger bipolar?
antidepressants, stimulants (psychoactive medications) | a bad life-style, sleep deprivation, light
93
what percent of bipolar diagnoses are originally diagnosed with unipolar depression?
>25%
94
reduced life expectancy of those with bipolar disorder
9-12 years less
95
% of people unemployed and on disability welfare who are bipolar
50%, 40%
96
bipolar is an interesting link to:
creativity (divergent thinking)
97
bipolar heritability=
.7 highest of any psych disorder!
98
Causes of bipolar disorder
``` genetics .7 first degree relatives excessive amygdala activity (emotions) super active dopamine circuits left frontal cortex active ```
99
What is the kindling hypothesis?
episodes of bipolar/mania are neurotoxic(brain damaging)- over time they get worse, and more severe, longer, and more easily triggered (like kindling a fire- the more you add the easier it is to light up)
100
rapid cycling
over time episodes tend to occur more frequently together
101
Treatments for bipolar disorder
mood stabilizing medicines omega 3s magnesium kinda psychotherapy
102
major mood stabilizing medicines
``` lithium (30-50%) naturally occurring element in springs depakote (30-50%) anticomvulsants antidepressants- equal to placebo novel antipsychotics ```
103
Magnesium significance in bipolar disorder
anti-manic, anti-anxiety, anti-insomnia

PSYC 350 (2 decks)

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