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Vet Sci II > Exam 3 (Immunology) > Flashcards

Exam 3 (Immunology) Flashcards

1
Q

Immunology

A
  • The branch of science that studies the response of the body when challenged by antigens
  • The body’s defense against the environment
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2
Q

Immunity

A

What protects an animal from D2 causing pathogens

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3
Q

Pathogen

A

D2 producing organism

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4
Q

Resistance

A

Ability to ward of D2 by body’s defense

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5
Q

Susceptibility

A

Vulnerability or lack of resistance

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6
Q

Pus

A

Collection of dead cells and fluid

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7
Q

Abscess

A

Accumulation of pus in a confined space

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8
Q

Ulcer

A

Open inflamed tissue on surface of an organ

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9
Q

Immune System Components

A

Physical barriers
Non-specific immunity (innate immunity)
Specific immunity (adaptive immunity)

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10
Q

Physical Barriers (Mechanical)

A

First line of defense
-Generalized protection, does not initiate a specific response against a specific antigen

Mechanical (movement):

  • Skin + mm
  • Cilia
  • Lacrimal apparatus
  • Flow of urine, defecation, and vomiting
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11
Q

Physical Barriers (Chemical)

A

First line of defense
-Generalized protection, does not initiate a specific response against a specific antigen

Chemical:

  • Sebum-antibacterial properties
  • Perspiration
  • Gastric fluid
  • Vaginal secretions
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12
Q

Nonspecific Immunity (Innate)

A

Second line of defense

  • Inflammatory response
  • Fever
  • Antimicrobial proteins
  • Phagocytosis
  • Natural Killer Cells (NKC)
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13
Q

Interferon

A

-Protein released by cell to inhibit spread and growth of virus

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14
Q

Transferrin

A

-Protein attaches to iron and transports into marrow so bacteria can’t utilize for survival

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15
Q

Complement

A

-Inactive protein stored in plasma, becomes active during infection and attaches to antigen and destroys it

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16
Q

Specific Immunity (Adaptive)

A

3rd line of defense

  • Ability of the body to target and destroy specific antigens
  • Lymphocytes involved
  • Properties of Specific Immunity:
    1. Able to specify for particular antigens
    2. Has memory of previous antigens and produces rapid and vigorous response during 2nd encounter
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17
Q

Antibody

A

Proteins produced by plasma cells in response to antigen

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18
Q

Immunogenicity

A

Ability to provoke immune response in animal

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19
Q

Reactivity

A

Ability of antigen to produce specific reaction

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20
Q

Cell-Mediated Immunity

A
  • Involves T cells which have specific antigen receptors on cell membranes (unique to one antigen)
  • Antigen ingested by macrophage and presented on cell membrane
  • T cell attaches to antigenic site and becomes sensitized T cell
  • Then clones itself into army of cytotoxic cells who in turn attach to antigen
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21
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells (Sensitized T Cell)

A
  • Similar to NKC but had to be “trained”
  • Killer T Cells
  • Attach to antigenic cells and destroy them directly
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22
Q

Helper T Cells (Sensitized T Cell)

A
  • “Bottom of pyramid”
  • Most numerous T cell
  • Enhances activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and NKC
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23
Q

Suppressor T Cells (Sensitized T Cell)

A
  • “Police man”
  • Inhibits T cell function by negative feedback
  • Controls immune responses
24
Q

Memory T Cells (Sensitized T Cell)

A
  • Survive in lymphoid tissue and wait for a second exposure to the same antigen
  • Quicker response time and greater response than initial immune response
25
Q

Humoral Immunity

A
  • Involves B cells (action takes place in the plasma)
  • Also known as “antibody-mediated” immunity
  • B cells transform into plasma cells and produce specific protective proteins called antibodies in response to antigen
  • Antigen and antibody fit together and form a complex which activates B cells to clone itself
26
Q

How do antibodies work?

A
  • Neutralize the antigen
  • Prevent attachment of pathogen to cell
  • Immobilization of bacteria
  • Agglutination and precipitation of antigen
  • Enhance phagocytosis by other phagocytic cells
27
Q

IgG Antibody

A
  • Most common antibody
  • Found in blood and extracellular fluid after prolonged exposure to antigen
  • Combats bacterial and viral infections
  • Can cross placental barrier to provide passive immunity to fetus
28
Q

IgM Antibody

A
  • 1st antibody made by newborns (in response to antigen)

- Provides temporary protection

29
Q

IgA Antibody

A
  • Mucosal immunity

- Blocks attachment of antigen on mucosal surfaces

30
Q

IgE Antibody

A

-Allergic response

31
Q

IgD Antibody

A
  • Activates other cells to produce anti-microbial factors

- Hangs out on unexposed B cells and acts as a receptor

32
Q

B Memory Cells

A
  • Function the same as T memory cells
  • Do not differentiate into plasma cells
  • Survive in lymphoid tissue and wait for a 2nd exposure
  • Creates a quicker, greater response to antigen
33
Q

Passive Immunity

A
  • Immunity produced by administration of preformed antibody
  • Causes immediate but short lived immunity
  • Maternal: ingestion of colostrum
  • Artificial: Administration of plasma or antiserum
34
Q

Active Immunity

A

-The body mounts an immune response to the presence of an antigen

  • Recovery from natural infection
  • Vaccination
35
Q

Type 1- Immediate Hypersensitivity

A
  • 20-30 minutes
  • Anaphylactic reaction (histamine is released)
  • C/S: redness, swelling, hives, airway obstruction
  • GI: diarrhea, abdominal cramping
  • Most common cause: vaccines
  • Treatment: Benadryl, +/- epinephrine
36
Q

Type II- Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity

A
  • Antibodies formed against the animals own blood or tissue cells
  • Autoimmune reaction
  • Example: Immune mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)
37
Q

Type III- Immune Complex

A
  • Inflammatory reaction
  • Antibodies and antigens combine to form complexes –> become trapped in endothelium
  • Example: Rheumatoid arthritis
38
Q

Type IV- Delayed Hypersensitivity

A
  • Inflammatory reaction happens over time (days)

- Example: TB test, skin allergy test

39
Q

Primary Lymphatic Organs

A
  • Red bone marrow

- Thymus

40
Q

Secondary Lymphatic Organs

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Tonsils
  • GI associated lymph tissue
41
Q

Functions of the Lymphatic System

A
  • Removal of excess interstitial fluid
  • Waste material transport
  • Filtration
  • Protein transport
  • Transportation of dietary lipids
  • Protect against foreign invasion
42
Q

Lymph

A

-Fluid carried by lymphatic system
-Contains:
Interstitial fluid
Lymphocytes (WBC)
Macrophages
Proteins
Waste

43
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

Produces all WBC’s

44
Q

Thymus

A
  • University of Thymus
  • Located around trachea at thoracic inlet
  • Prominent in young animals and regresses at puberty
  • T lymphocytes are processed here before distribution into peripheral tissues
  • Kicks start normal immune development
45
Q

Lymphatic Vessels

A
  • Similar to veins (thin, walled, one way valves)
  • Collect excess interstitial fluid –> send through lymph nodes –> return to blood
  • Stream via the thoracic duct which empties into the systematic circulation via the right atrium of the heart
46
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

-Small, kidney bean shaped structures along length of lymphatic vessels
-Function:
Filter blood, add lymphocytes to lymph fluid

47
Q

Peripheral Lymph Nodes

A 
Submandibular **
Prescapular **
Axillary
Inguinal
Popliteal **

** Can be palpated

48
Q

Spleen

A

-Largest lymph organ in the body
-Functions:
Storage of blood
Removal of foreign material by macrophages
Removal of dead, dying abnormal RBC’s by macrophages
Lymphocyte cloning during immune response

49
Q

Tonsils

A
  • Nodules of lymphoid tissue, found in epithelial tissue
  • Mature lymphocytes live in tonsils
  • Pharyngeal tonsils: Prevent spread of infection into the respiratory or digestive system
50
Q

Differences between Tonsils and Lymph Nodes

A
  • Tonsils are found in moist epithelial surfaces
  • Tonsils do not have a capsule (LN do)
  • Tonsils are found at the beginning of lymph drainage system, not along the way
51
Q

Gut Associated Lymph Tissue (GALT)

A
  • Located in lining of intestines
  • Largest lymphoid organ in the body (spread out but not a true organ)
  • Contains mature lymphocytes
  • Ensures no bacteria escape GI tract
52
Q

Dietary Lipids

A

-Transported by chylomicrons and are deposited into the blood stream via lymphatic vessels

53
Q

Post-Prandial Lipemia

A

-Commonly seen if an animal has not fasted before blood work

54
Q

Chyle

A
  • Lymph from digestive system

- Contains chylomicrons after a pt. has eaten

55
Q

Chylomicrons

A

-Microscopic particles of fat

Vet Sci II (3 decks)

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