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Neuroanatomy > Exam 3 Info > Flashcards

Exam 3 Info Flashcards

1
Q

What disorder would be indicated by the following: a 3 y/o starts with sore throat and fever. Two weeks later she has uncontrollable arm movement.

A

She has Sydenham’s chorea which is linked to Rheumatic fever

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2
Q

Cerebral cortex (excitatory) –> Basal ganglia (____) –> _____ (excitatory) back to–> Cortex

A

inhibitory; thalamus

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3
Q

If the motor cortex is the pyramidal tract, what would the basal ganglia/thalamus/cerebellum be called?

A

extrapydramidal tracts

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4
Q

What is the basal ganglia’s role in the “car?”

A

it’s the backseat driver- helps with how not what

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5
Q

What are the two parts of the neostriatum?

A

caudate nucleus and putamen

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6
Q

What is the part of the paleostriatum?

A

globus pallidus

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7
Q

What are the two parts to the corpus striatum?

A

neostriatum and paleostriatum

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8
Q

What do the putamen and the GP make together?

A

the lenticular nucleus

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9
Q

Cortex –> ____ –> pallidum –> ____ –> cortex

A

striatum; thalamus

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10
Q

How can you identify the look of the corpus straitum on a brain?

A

use striatum… it looks like zebra stripes

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11
Q

What does the globus pallidus look like?

A

it’s a white glob… think “white moon”

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12
Q

Basal ganglia structures are involved in the _____ and _____ aspects of motor control.

A

attentional; motivational

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13
Q

Damage to the basal ganglia impairs ____ without producing ______.

A

movement; paralysis

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14
Q

How does the basal ganglia primarily function?

A

through inhibition

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15
Q

The basal ganglia connects with ____ ___ of the cortex.

A

motor areas

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16
Q

The basal ganglia has no direct inputs from _____ and no direct outputs to ___ ____ ____.

A

periphery; spinal motor circuits

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17
Q

Proper motor control requires a critical balance between what two pathways?

A

direct and indirect

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18
Q

How do the direct and indirect pathways work together?

A

they oppose one another but have the same goal

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19
Q

What does the caudate border?

A

the lateral ventricles

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20
Q

Is the putamen bigger or smaller than the caudate?

A

bigger

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21
Q

The nucleus accumbens is included in what nuclei?

A

basal forebrain nuclei

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22
Q

The GP is ____ to the putamen.

A

medial

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23
Q

why is the nigrostriatal area important?

A

it is common a cause of disorders and damage to it is debilitating

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24
Q

Where is dopamine made?

A

the pars compacta of the substantia nigra

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25
Q

Cortical input into basal ganglia are _______ and outputs of basal ganglia back to cortex are mediated through the ______.

A

excitatory; thalamus

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26
Q

Because outputs of the thalamus to cortex are generally _____, inhibitory inputs into thalamus from basal ganglia _____ thalamic excitation of cortical neurons.

A

excitatory; dampen

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27
Q

Where does movement start? Sensory or motor areas

A

sensory areas

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28
Q

Why is the caudate associated with addiction?

A

because it is associated with the limbic system

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29
Q

Principal inputs from primary motor, secondary motor, and primary somatosensory cortex are to the _____.

A

putamen

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30
Q

Where does the caudate nucleus receive inputs from?

A

cortical association regions; frontal eye fields; limbic cortex

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31
Q

What is the putamen concerned primarily with?

A

motor function

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32
Q

What is the caudate nucleus concerned primarily with?

A

cognitive aspects of movement, eye movements, and emotional correlates of movement

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33
Q

what role do MSNs play in parkinson’s?

A

they die

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34
Q

Which pathway is faster: direct or indirect?

A

direct

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35
Q

What are the five functional channels of the basal ganglia?

A 
1- occulomotor channel
2- motor channel
3- prefrontal channel
4- limbic channel
5- anterior cingulate cortex to ventral striatum
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36
Q

What function does the prefrontal channel have?

A

planning

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37
Q

What function does the nucleus accumbens take part in?

A

emotional behavior

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38
Q

What does the anterior cingulate cortex to ventral striatum path play a role in?

A

attention

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39
Q

What is the job of the internal globus pallidus?

A

to inhibit the thalamus

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40
Q

What is hypokinesia?

A

too little movement

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41
Q

What disease is associated with akinesai or rest tremor with rigidity and postural reflex deficits?

A

Parkinson’s

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42
Q

What is hyperkinesias?

A

too much movement

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43
Q

What is involuntary rapid irregular movements called?

A

chorea

44
Q

What is a twisting sustained abnormal posture called?

A

dystonia

45
Q

What is a shock-like movement of the face, neck or voice called?

A

tic

46
Q

What is a rhythmic to-and-fro oscillation around a joint called?

A

tremor

47
Q

is a painful condition in which your neck muscles contract involuntarily, causing your head to twist or turn to one side

A

Cervical dystonia

48
Q

What is the cause of Cervical dystonia?

A

the basal ganglia is doing the wrong thing

49
Q

Symptoms include: brady-hypokinesia, diminished postural responses and bradyphrenia

A

Failure to facilitate: Parkinson’s is one example

50
Q

Symptoms include dyskinesia

A

Failure to suppress: example is Huntington’s

51
Q

What is the problem in chorea?

A

the MSNs

52
Q

Is chorea a tremor?

A

yes

53
Q

Symptoms: excessive spontaneous movement, irregular brief and abrupt, non-repetitive, distal predominance, goes randomly from one body part to another

A

chorea

54
Q

What is the most important symptom to note in chorea?

A

it is non-repetitive

55
Q

Symptoms: semivoluntary, rapid, non-rhythmic movements or sounds

A

Tics

56
Q

Symptoms: sustained, patterned muscle contractions; fixed posture

A

dystonia

57
Q

symptoms:the appearance of flailing, ballistic, undesired movements of the limbs

A

hemiballismus

58
Q

what is wrong in hemiballismus?

A

the “brake” output is not working

59
Q

What is the cause of cervical dystonia (basic)?

A

the basal ganglia is doing the wrong thing

60
Q

how do you treat cervical dystonia?

A

inject the site with botox

61
Q

What is the main function of the direct pathway in basic terms?

A

it turns up motor activity

62
Q

What is the main function of the indirect pathway in basic terms?

A

it turns down motor activity

63
Q

Huntington’s disease is loss of ____ _____ _____ ____ in caudate nucleus.

A

mediums spiny GABAnergic neurons

64
Q

in HD, due to loss of ______ feedback loops in basal ganglia, ability to fine-tune movement is lost and severe ____ manifests when the patient tries to move.

A

inhibitory; tremor

65
Q

Resting tremors are the hallmark of _______ disease.

A

Parkinson’s

66
Q

violent uncontrollable movements of one lateral half of the body usually due to a lesion in the subthalamic nucleus of the contralateral side of the body.

A

hemiballismus

67
Q

What is the basic issue with hemiballismus?

A

the “brake” output is not working

68
Q

What are the four steps to making a movement (i.e. touching my nose)?

A

1- planning and programming
2- execution
3- monitoring
4- feedback

69
Q

What areas are involved in motor planning and programming?

A

cortical association areas; basal ganglia; lateral cerebellum; thalamus; premotor and motor cortex; pyramidal system; extrapyramidal system; alpha motor neurons

70
Q

What brain area is involved in monitoring movement?

A

intermediate cerebellum

71
Q

What area is involved in feedback in movement?

A

premotor and motor cortex; DLPFC

72
Q

Where does the first step start in movement?

A

in the sensory system

73
Q

What does the pulvinar do?

A

visual processing

74
Q

What connects the neural environment to hormones?

A

the hypothalamus

75
Q

Which part of the pituitary is the most important?

A

anterior

76
Q

Where does the tissue for the anterior pituitary come from?

A

mouth tissue during development

77
Q

Does the anterior pituitary have a direct connection with the brain?

A

no

78
Q

Does the posterior pituitary have a direct connection with the brain?

A

yes

79
Q

What tissue makes up the posterior pituitary?

A

nervous tissue

80
Q

What are the three regions of the pituitary?

A

anterior, tuberal, posterior

81
Q

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary?

A

the tuberal region

82
Q

What does the posterior pituitary release?

A

oxytocin, vasopressin

83
Q

What is another name for vasopressin?

A

ADH

84
Q

Which part of the pituitary is faster?

A

the posterior portion

85
Q

What is another name for the median forebrain bundle?

A

the nucleus accumbens

86
Q

What divides the hypothalamus into medial and lateral regions?

A

the fornix

87
Q

What is the part of the hypothalamus that cups the 3rd ventricle?

A

arcuate nucleus

88
Q

The anterior part of the hypothalamus projects to brainsteam ____ nuclei.

A

parasympathetic nervous system PNS

89
Q

what part of the autonomic nervous system does the posterior portion of the hypothalamus influence?

A

the sympathetic nervous system

90
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus? 6 of them

A 
1-autonomic nervous system regulation
2- hormone production/regulation
3- circadian rhythm regulation
4- limbic system innervation
5- temp regulation
6- thirst and hunger
91
Q

Supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus produce _____ and ______.

A

oxytocin; vasopressin

92
Q

What input in the hypothalamus plays a role in circadian rhythm function?

A

the suprachiasmatic nucleus

93
Q

What part of the hypothalamus plays a role in conserving heat (causing chills)?

A

poster nucleus of

94
Q

What part of the hypothalamus plays a role in dissipating heat (aka sweating)

A

anterior nucleus

95
Q

What part of the hypothalamus plays a role in inducing feeding?

A

lateral nucleus

96
Q

What part of the hypothalamus plays a role in inhibiting feeding?

A

ventromedial nucleus

97
Q

What part of the hypothalamus plays a role in integrating feeding?

A

paraventricular nucleus

98
Q

What would result from a lesion in the anterior hypothalamus?

A

hyperthermia

99
Q

What would result from a lesion to the posterior hypothalamus?

A

temperature would be based on the environment- cold when it’s cold out

100
Q

A signature of this would be persistent giggling that sounds mirthless….

A

Gelastic seizures

101
Q

A person suddenly started freezing in steps…. what might this indicate?

A

Gelastic seizures

102
Q

In pregnancy, a sudden sharp headache behind the eyes….

A

pituitary apoplexy

103
Q

What are the common features of congenital hypothyroidism?

A

short stature, blunted facial expression, mental retardation

104
Q

What does a goiter result from and what does it look like?

A

large lump in neck and it results from lack of iodine

105
Q

What is diencephalic syndrome?

A

a tumor on the hypothalamus that causes the child (or person) to not feel hunger

Neuroanatomy (2 decks)

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