Exam 3 Lecture Notes Flashcards
(247 cards)
1
Q
Functions of the skull:
A
- Speech.
- Chewing.
- Swallowing.
- Blood flow.
- Protection of the brain.
2
Q
The shape of the skull is unique because of -
A
- Bones grow over the lobes.
3
Q
Function of the frontal lobe -
A
Reasoning and logic.
4
Q
How many bones are in the neurocranium?
A
8 bones.
5
Q
Overview of the bones in the cranium:
A
- 2 parietal bones.
- 2 temporal bones.
- frontal bone.
- ethmoid bone.
- sphenoid bone.
- occipital bone.
6
Q
The cranial vault is made up by what?
A
Neurocranial bones.
7
Q
__________: the skull cap, that gets cut off in the lab.
A
Calvaria.
8
Q
__________ ______: Area at the bottom portion of the head, where every nerve connects to and from the brain.
A
Cranial base.
9
Q
Bones of the facial skeleton:
A
- Mandible.
- Vomer.
- 2 nasal bones.
- 2 lacrimal bones.
- 2 maxillary bones.
- 2 palaixtine bones.
7 2 zygomatic bones.
10
Q
The upper jaw consists of what bones:
A
The 2 maxillary bones.
11
Q
The lower jaw consists of what bones:
A
The mandible bone.
12
Q
The cheekbones consist of what actual bones:
A
The zygomatic bones and temporal bones.
13
Q
What space houses the brain?
A
The cranial vault.
14
Q
What space houses the eyes?
A
The orbital cavities.
15
Q
What space is continuous with the nasal cavity?
A
The middle ear cavities.
16
Q
Which bones have paranasal cavities
A
- Frontal bones.
- Maxillary bones.
- Ethmoid bone.
- Sphenoid bones.
17
Q
What is the clinical significance of the sinuses behind the paranasal sinuses of the sphenoid bone?
A
It is between the nasal cavity and pituitary gland - giving clinical access to the pituitary gland and brainstem without having to open te cranial vault.
18
Q
What are the functions of the sinuses of the skull?
A
- Decrease the weight of the skull - weight conservation.
- Speech resonance.
- Temperature regulation.
19
Q
Non-movable articulations between bones of the skull are called:
A
Sutures.
20
Q
_____________ in babies, these are gaps where the sutures would be. These allow the baby’s head to pass through the vaginal canal.
A
Fontanelles.
21
Q
the ___________ suture separates frontal and parietal bones.
A
coronal suture.
22
Q
the ____________ suture separates the two parietal bones.
A
Sagittal suture.
23
Q
the _____________ suture separates the occipital bones from the parietal bones.
A
Lambda.
24
Q
Fontanelles are made up of:
A
Very thick connective tissue.
25
TMJ joint stands for:
Temporomandibular joint.
26
Temporomandibular joint: general info -
1. Synovial - both hinging and planar gliding.
2. Hinge = opening and closing of the jaw.
3. Gliding = grinding of jaw.
4. Is between the mandible condyles and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone.
27
Hinging of the temporomandibular joint is to -
elevates or depresses the jaw.
28
The gliding of the temporomandibular joint is to -
to protract (move anteriorly) and retract (move posteriorly) the mandible.
29
Is elevating and depressing the mandible the only way to open and close the mouth.
FALSE - you can open and close the mouth as well by contracting and relaxing the orbicularis oris muscle.
30
In the nasal cavity, what structures are a part of the ethmoid bone.
The superior and middle conchae are part of the ethmoid bone.
31
In the nasal cavity, what structure makes up its own individual bone?
The inferior conchae.
32
What is the function of the conchae of the nasal cavities?
To increase surface area, so that we can warm and humidify inhaled air and remove particles.
33
Anterior cranial fossa:
Where the cribriform plate is, where olfactory nerves go through.
Houses frontal lobes of the brain.
34
Middle cranial fossa:
Houses temporal lobes.
Lots of formina for nerves, arteries, veins, and lymphatics.
Has the sella turcica.
35
_____________ is the saddle-shaped depression in the skull that houses the pituitary gland.
The sella turcica.
36
Posterior cranial fossa:
Houses the cerebellum, pons, and medulla.
has the foramen magnum.
37
Right side pathway of blood to the cranial vault.
1. Brachiocephalic trunk.
2. Right common carotid.
3. Internal carotid artery.
38
Left side pathway of blood to the cranial vault:
1. Aortic arch.
2. Left common carotid artery.
3. Internal carotid artery.
39
Epidural bleeds are always -
arterial.
40
Location and function of the carotid sinus:
Location: in the internal carotid artery.
Function: use baroreceptors to regulate blood pressure to the brain.
41
Location and function of the carotid body:
Location: In between the internal and external carotid arteries.
Function: To sense changes in pH (specifically co2)of the blood.
42
Internal carotid passes through the _________ ________ that has two 90 degree turns.
Carotid canal.
43
_________ arteries ascend the transverse foramina.
Vertebral.
44
______________ _______ is the arterial anastomosis of the brain that connects the internal carotid system with the vertebrobasilar system.
Cerebroarterial circle.
45
Posterior communicating arteries are branches of what artery?
Left and right internal carotid arteries.
46
Anterior communicating arteries are branches of what arteries?
anterior cerebral arteries.
47
The posterior communicating artery allows for blood flow between what two arteries?
The internal carotid artery and the posterior cerebral artery.
48
Posterior cerebral arteries branch off of what arteries?
Basilar artery.
49
What two arteries join to make the basilar artery?
The left and right vertebral arteries.
50
Vertebral arteries branch off from what artery?
The left and right subclavian arteries.
51
Passage of vertebral arteries into the cranial vault:
Through transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae, and into the foramen magnum.
52
What are the two types of cerebrovascular accidents?
1. Stroke.
2. Transient ischemic attack.
53
Define transient ischemic attacks:
1. Cerebrovascular accidents.
2. Due to lack of blood flow to the brain.
3. Not due to neuronal damage.
54
Define ischemic strokes and the two subtypes:
1. Loss of neurons due to a depleted blood supply.
2. Accounts for the majority of strokes.
3. Thrombus ischemic stroke: Occlusion is stationary and develops and stays in one place.
4. Emobolis ischemic stroke: Occlusion is mobile and flows through blood until it reaches a vessel it is too big to pass through.
55
Define hemorrhagic strokes:
1. Compromised blood vessel.
2. Happens due to aneurysm.
3. Subarrachnoid space will become filled with blood
4. Often due to trauma.
56
The venous sinus system returns ______ and _____ back to the heart.
2. Deoxygenated blood.
3. CSF
57
Which meningeal layer is intimate with the brain?
Pia mater.
58
Which meningeal layer adheres to the skull?
Dura mater
59
True or false: There is a large epidural space in the meninges of the brain.
FALSE - there is no epidural space in the dura mater of the spine.
60
What are the two layers of skull dura mater:
1. Periosteal dura - against the bone of the skull.
2. Meningeal dura - Adherent to the arrachnoid mater.
61
________________: where periosteal and meningeal dura separates from each other, creating sinuses.
Dural infoldings.
62
Functions of dural infoldings:
1. Compartmentalizes brain structures.
2. Creates a space for venous return via venous sinuses.
63
Three types of dural infoldings:
1. Falx cerebri.
2. Falx cerebelli.
3. Tentorium cerebelli.
64
Function of the falx cerebri:
Dural infolding that separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
65
Function of the falx cerebelli:
Dural infolding that separates the right and left cerebellum.
66
Function of the tentorium cerebelli:
Dural infolding that separates the cerebrum and cerebellum.
67
True or false: The confluence of sinuses is a venous sinus that connects the sigmoid sinus and inferior/superior sinuses.
FALSE - The confluence of sinuses is where the superior sagittal sinus and inferior sagittal sinus meet, that is not a sinus itself, but drains into the transverse sinus.
68
Which dural infolding gives rise the superior and inferior sagittal sinuses?
The falx cerebri.
69
The tentorium cerebelli gives rise to what venous sinuses (in order):
1. Transverse sinus.
2. Sigmoid sinus.
3. Superior petrosal sinus that joins where transverse sinus becomes sigmoid sinus.
4. Internal jugular vein.
5. Inferior petrosal sinus - joins at inferior petrosal sinus.
70
Head trauma can cause ________ bleeds, these are always _________.
1. Subdural bleeds.
2. Always venous.
71
If you are a red blood cell in the superior sagittal sinus, what would be your blood flow back to circulation?
Sup. sagittal sinus ---> confluence of sinuses ----> transverse sinus ------> sigmoid sinus ------> internal jugular vein ------> jugular vein --------> superior vena cava --------> right atrium.
72
If you are a red blood cell in the inferior sagittal sinus, what would be your blood flow back to circulation?
Inferior sagittal sinus -----> straight sinus -------> confluence of sinuses ------> transverse sinus -------> Sigmoid sinus ------> internal jugular vein -----> jugular vein ------> Superior vena cava.
73
Venous return from the face is mostly via what vein? Where does this vein drain into?
The facial vein, drains into the internal jugular vein.
74
What structure does the facial vein have an anastomosis with?
The cavernous sinus.
75
Why is it possible for blood to flow up from the facial vein to the cavernous sinus?
Because there are no valves in the vein surrounding the nose and eyes, allowing blood to be forced up when a pimple or boil is popped. This allows for a passage way of bacteria into the cavernous sinus.
76
What passes through the cavernous sinus?
1. CN III - Oculomotor.
2. CN IV - Trochlear.
3. CN VII - Facial
4. Opthalmalic Nerve - V1.
5. Maxillary nerve - V2.
6. Internal carotid arteries.
77
What can be said for the blood flow through the cavernous sinus?
Blood flow through the cavernous sinus has limited laminar flow, due to the amount of nerves and the internal carotid arteries that run through it.
78
True or false: Only the cavernous sinus has a significant amount of vessels and nerves running through it.
True!
79
What muscle allows the eyes to look upward?
Superior rectus muscle.
80
What muscle allows the eyes to look downward?
Inferior rectus muscle.
81
What muscle allows you to move your eye medially?
Medial rectus muscle.
82
What muscle allows you to look laterally?
Lateral rectus muscle.
83
Lateral rectus muscle is innervated by CN ____, ___________.
CN VI Abducens.
84
The medial rectus muscle, superior rectus muscle, and inferior rectus muscle, are all innervated by CN ___, __________
CN III Oculomotor.
85
What 2 muscles help to rotate the eyeball?
1. Superior oblique muscle.
2. Inferior oblique muscle.
86
Trochlear CN IV innervates which muscle to the eye?
Superior oblique muscle.
87
Inferior oblique muscle of the eye is innervated by which nerve?
Oculomotor CN III.
88
What muscle will lift the eye lid?
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle.
89
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle is innervated by which nerve?
CN III oculomotor.
90
What structures produce CSF, and where are they located?
The choroid plexuses, which are located in all of the ventricles.
91
Interventricle foramina connect which two structures?
Connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricles.
92
The _________________ attaches the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle.
Aqueduct of the midbrain.
93
What is the function of apertures of the fourth ventricle?
To allow passage of CSF from the fourth ventricle into the sub-arachnoid space.
94
What would occur if there was a blockage of fluid in the aqueduct of the midbrain?
Hydrocephaly of the brain - build-up of CSF in the lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricles.
95
What would occur if there was a blockage of fluid in the interventricular foramen?
Hydrocephaly of the brain - Build-up of CSF in the lateral ventricles.
96
What would occur if there was a blockage in the aperture of the fourth ventricle?
Hydrocephaly of the brain - Build-up of CSF in the lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, and 4th ventricle.
97
Functions of cerebrospinal fluid?
1. Supportive of CNS.
2. Protective - limits the movement of the brain.
3. Maintains ionic balance of CNS.
4. Lymphatic function.
98
What do the ventricles of the brain develop from?
The ventricles develop from the neural tube in fetal development.
99
Where are there enlargements of the subarachnoid space?
1. Lumbar cistern.
2. Cisterna magna. (base for skull)
100
True or false: CSF production is passive and pressure dependant, while CSF reabsorption is active (requires energy) and is pressure independant.
FALSE: CSF production is ACTIVE and is INDEPENDANT from pressure, while CSF reabsorption is passive and is pressure dependant.
101
Via what structure does CSF return to arterial circulation?
Venous sinuses.
102
What does CSF originate from?
arterial blood.
103
The blood brain barrier is comprised of:
Tight junctions between endothelial cells of the ventricles.
104
Choroid epithelium does what?
Control active transport of substances out of the blood, such as H2O and sodium.
105
___________ capillaries exist in the arterial capillaries at the choroid plexuses.
fenestrated.
106
Flow of CSF starting at the lateral ventricle:
1. Lateral ventricles.
2. Interventricular foramina.
3. Third ventricle.
4. Aqeuduct of the midbrain.
5. Fourth ventricle.
6. Apertures.
7. Subarachnoid space.
8. Venous sinuses.
9. Internal jugular veins.
10. Superior vena cava v.
107
Define neuron:
Nerve cell.
108
Define synapse:
Point of contact between nerves.
109
Function of a neuron:
Propagate and modify signals between nerves.
110
Define circuit:
Group of neurons and synapses with a predictable firing pattern.
111
Define ganglion:
Group of cell bodies in the PNS.
112
Define nucleus:
Group of cell bodies in the CNS.
113
What are the subdivisions of the brain?
1. The cerebellum - bell shaped portion on inferior posterior brain.
2. the cerebrum - the two largest portions.
3. The brainstem - made up of the medulla, pons, and midbrain.
4. Diencephalon - On either side of the third ventricle, containing the thalamus and hypothalamus.
114
Which part of the brainstem is responsible for housing vital reflexes (respiratory or cardiac), and non-vital reflexes such as coughing or sneezing?
The medulla of the brainstem.
115
Where does the medulla of the brainstem start from?
The foramen magnum, and moves superiorly.
116
True or false: Damage to the medulla is not compatible with life.
True - because it houses vital reflexes such as cardiac and respiratory function.
117
__________ of the brainstem has a lot of relay neurons, and have vital respiratory functions, and provides a connection to and from the cerebrum.
Pons.
118
Which portion of the brainstem provides an orientation to stimulus in vision, supplying visual reflexes and audio input - that is subconscious for local reflexes.
The mid-brain of the brainstem.
119
Which structure of the diencephalon decides which lobe to send sensory information to?
The thalamus
120
The "post-office of the brain" describes which structure?
The thalamus.
121
Which portion of the brain is the master regulator of the autonomic nervous system, having lots of endocrine function, and maintaining homeostasis?
The hypothalamus.
122
What is special about the cerebellum?
Although it is small, it houses the most neurons in the entire brain.
123
Functions of the cerebellum:
1. Giving fast response to stimuli.
2. Regulating the rate, range, and force of a neurological signal.
3. Gives real-time sensory feedback.
4. Does planning and timing of motor complexes.
124
Loss of function in the cerebellum will present as:
Ataxia - loss of order of movement.
125
General info on the cerebrum:
1. Comprised of two very large hemispheres.
2. Volition comes from here - voluntary action.
3. Allows for perception and cognition.
4. Higher motor function.
5. Memory and learning.
126
Which cranial nerve primarily supplies sensation to the head, but can also supply motor to the muscles of mastication?
Trigeminal nerve - CN V.
127
Where is the cell body of the trigeminal nerve?
In the trigeminal ganglion, which is in the cranial vault but still in the PNS.
128
What branches of trigeminal CN V supply only sensory info?
V1 ophthalmic and V2 maxillary.
129
Which branches of trigeminal CN V supply both sensory and motor?
V3 mandibular.
129
Where does V3 ophthalmic nerve provide sensory innervation to?
Forehead, upper eyelid, cornea, conjunctiva, frontal sinus, and miniges.
General upper face.
130
____________ nerve is a branch of ophthalmic V3 nerve, that leaves the cranial vault via the superior orbital fissure, and leaves the skull via the supraorbital foramen going into the orbit.
Supraorbital nerve.
131
The maxillary nerve supplies _________ information from the ____________ to the ____________.
1. Sensory.
2. Lower eyelid.
3. Upper teeth.
132
Which nerve supplies sensory information to most of the sinuses of the face?
Maxillary nerve V2
133
Infraorbital nerve is a branch of which nerve?
Maxillary nerve V2
134
What foramen does infraorbital nerve pass through to open into the orbit?
Infraorbital foramen.
135
What foramen foes infraorbital nerve pass through to get into the cranial vault?
Foramen rotundum.
136
_____________ ____ provides sensory information to the lower face, but also provides motor stimuli to the muscles of mastication and somatosensory for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
Mandibular V3
137
Which nerve supplies the anterior 2/3 of the tongue with somatosensory, and what does it branch off of?
The lingual nerve, a branch of mandibular nerve V3.
138
Which nerve supplies taste (gustation) to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, and what does it branch off of?
Facial cranial nerve VII
139
The ________ nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve that will pass through the mental foramen, where it will become the inferior alveolar nerve.
Mental nerve.
140
What foramen does the mental nerve pass through to enter the mandible?
The mental foramen.
141
What foramen will the inferior alveolar nerve leave the mandible?
The mandibular foramen.
142
What foramen will the inferior alveolar nerve pass through to get into the cranial vault?
The foramen ovale.
143
Function of the mental nerve:
Supply sensory information from the skin of the chin.
144
Function of the inferior alveolar nerve:
Supply sensory information from the tooth pockets.
145
Muscles of mastication are all innervated by which nerve? Where are those nerves cell bodies?
All innervated by CN V3 mandibular nerve. It's cell bodies are in the trigeminal ganglion.
146
Muscles on mastication act on what joint?
Temporomandibular joint.
147
List the 4 movements that muscles of mastication can provide:
1. Depression of the mandible.
2. Elevation of the mandible.
3. Protraction of the mandible.
4. Retraction of the mandible.
148
Attachments of the temporalis muscle:
A = Temporal bone.
B = Coronoid process of the mandible.
149
Action of the temporalis muscle:
Elevation and retraction.
150
Attachments of the masseter muscle:
A = Zygomatic process of the temporal bone.
B = Angle of the mandible.
151
The action of the masseter muscle:
Elevation and protraction.
152
The action of the medial pterygoid muscle:
elevation and protraction.
153
What is the attachments of the lateral pterygoid?
A = condyle of the mandible/articular disc
B = don't need to know.
154
The action of the lateral pterygoid:
Depress the mandible.
155
Anterior triangle of the neck has structures that go where?
To and from the head.
156
Posterior triangle of the neck has structures that go where?
To and from the upper limb.
157
True or false: Anterior triangle of the neck has primarily superficial structures, while the posterior triangle of the neck has primarily deep structures.
TRUE!
158
What are the vessels that are in the anterior triangle of the neck?
1. Common carotid artery
2. Internal and external carotid arteries.
3. Internal and external jugular veins.
159
What are the nerves that are in the anterior triangle of the neck?
1. CN IX glossopharyngeal.
2. CN X vagus.
3. CN XII hypoglossal.
4. Sympathetic trunk.
160
Hypoglossal CN XII supplies what?
Motor function to the tongue.
161
Glossopharyngeal nerve supplies what?
Somatosensory to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, and the pharynx.
162
Vagus CN X supplies what?
Parasympathetic input to thoracic and abdominal viscera, as well as being entirely responsible for the larynx.
163
What is within the carotid sheath, found in the anterior triangle of the neck?
Vagus CN X is in between the common carotid artery and the internal jugular vein, all wrapped up in connective tissue to protect the CN X.
164
Function of the suprahyoid muscles:
To elevate the hyoid bone and cervical viscera, useful during swallowing.
165
Function of the infrahyoid muscles:
To depress the hyoid bone and cervical viscera.
166
True or false: Infrahyoid muscles are in the posterior triangle of the neck, while suprahyoid muscles are in the anterior triangle of the neck.
FALSE: Both infrahyoid and suprahyoid muscles are found in the anterior triangle of the neck.
167
What non-nerve/vascular structures are in the anterior triangle of the neck?
1. Trachea.
2. Esophagus.
3. Thyroid gland.
4. Parathyroid glands.
5. Larynx.
6. Lymph vessels.
168
What blood vessels are in the posterior triangle of the neck?
1. Left and right subclavian arteries.
2. Left and right subclavian veins.
169
What nerves are in the posterior triangle of the neck?
1. Accessory CN XI
2. Cervical spinal nerves - give rise to brachial plexus.
3. Cervical spinal nerves - Give rise to phrenic nerves.
170
What does the cervical plexus of cervical spinal nerves innervate?
Infrahyoid muscles.
171
What does the brachial plexus of cervical spinal nerves innervate?
The upper limb.
172
What do the phrenic nerves innervate?
Respiratory diaphragm.
173
What muscles are found in the posterior triangle of the neck?
1. Scalene muscles - anterior, middle, and posterior.
174
Attachments of the scalene muscles?
Attach from cervical vertebrae to ribs.
175
Innervation of the scalene muscles:
Ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves.
176
What is the unilateral action of the scalene muscles?
Lateral flexion of the neck.
177
What is the bilateral action of the scalene muscles?
Flexion of the neck.
178
The __________ _________ and _________ _________ are both located between the anterior and middle scalene muscles.
Subclavian artery and brachial plexus.
179
Explain thoracic outlet syndrome:
Loss of blood and nervous supply, due to the subclavian arteries and brachial plexus caused by the scalene muscles.
180
Borders for the anterior triangle of the neck:
Posterior: Stenocleidomastoid muscle.
Anterior: Midline of the body.
Superior: Body of the mandible.
181
Borders of the posterior triangle of the neck:
Anterior: Sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Posterior: Trapezius muscle.
Inferior: Clavicle.
182
Sternocleidomastoid muscle attachments:
Sternum, clavicle, mastoid process of temporal bone.
183
Innervation of Sternocleidomastoid muscle-
Accessory CN XI.
184
The unilateral contraction of the sternocleidomastoid will result in ____________ + ________________.
Rotation and lateral flexion of the head.
185
The bilateral contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle will result in _____________ of the head.
Flexion of the neck.
186
Attachments of the trapezius muscle:
Attaches the skull, scapula, clavicle, and vertebrae.
187
What is the innervation of the trapezius muscle:
Accessory CN XI.
188
Action of the trapezius muscles:
Elevate the scapula - shrug muscle.
189
True or false: The hyoid bone is a site of extensive boney articulations.
FALSE: The hyoid bone is a "floating bone" meaning it has no boney articulations.
190
Where is the hyoid bone found:
Between the tongue and the larynx.
191
True or false: Movement of the hyoid bone will separate it from the cervical viscera
FALSE: Cervical viscera has extensive muscular attachments to the hyoid bone.
192
In what manner are infrahyoid muscles named?
From inferior attachment to superior attachment.
193
The function of the infrahyoid muscles is _________ the _________ bone.
Depress the hyoid bone.
194
The innervation of the infrahyoid muscles is from the __________ _________, consisting of C1, ____, and ____ spinal nerves.
1. Cervical plexus.
2. C1, C2, C3 spinal nerves.
195
The ______________ muscles attaches from the sternum to the hyoid bone - an infrahyoid bone.
Sternohyoid muscles.
196
Attachments of the omohyoid muscles:
Scapula to hyoid bone.
197
The __________ muscles attach from scapula to hyoid muscle via an inferior muscle belly, and a superior muscle belly, that creates an L shape.
omohyoid muscles.
198
Which muscle attaches from the sternum to the thyroid cartilage:
Sternothyroid muscle.
199
Which muscle attaches from the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid muscle? What type of hyoid muscle is this?
1. Thyrohyoid muscles (bilateral)
2. Infrahyoid.
200
In which manner are suprahyoid muscles named?
From superior attachments to inferior attachments.
201
What is the action of all suprahyoid muscles:
Elevate the hyoid bone, and its attached cervical viscera.
202
The __________ muscle is connecting from the genial tubercle (mental spines) of the mandible to the hyoid bone.
Geniohyoid muscle..
203
Geniohyoid muscle is innervated by:
Ventral Rami of C1 spinal nerves.
204
The _________ muscle attaches from the mylohyoid line of the mandible to the hyoid bone, making up the floor of the mouth.
Mylohyoid muscle.
205
Which muscle makes up the floor of the mouth?
The mylohyoid muscle.
206
Anterior digastric muscle action and innervation:
1. Action = depress the mandible.
2. Inn = V3 Mandibular nerve.
207
Posterior digastric muscle action and innervation.:
1. Action = depress the mandible.
2. Inn = Facial CN VII.
208
The _________ is a musculomembranous space where we determine if something moves down the _________ or esophagus.
1. Pharynx.
2. Trachea or esophagus.
209
Boundaries of the nasal cavity:
Anterior border: Nostrils/nares.
Posterior border: Choncae.
Medial border: Left and right sides separated by a nasal septum.
210
What three bones does the nasal septum develop from?
1. Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.
2. The vomer bones.
3. The palatine bones.
211
Function of the nasal canal:
Warm, humidify, and filter inhaled air.
212
The superior and middle choncae are part of which bone? What about the inferior choncae?
Superior and middle conchae.
213
True or false: The nasal cavity does not interact with any of the paranasal sinuses.
FALSE - The nasal cavity does interact with the paranasal sinuses.
214
Which bones will have paranasal sinuses?
1. Ethmoid bone.
2. Frontal bone.
3. Maxilla bone.
4. Sphenoid bone.
215
What makes up the floor of the mouth?
Mylohyoid muscle and the tongue.
216
Define the oral cavity proper:
Space between the teeth.
217
Define oral vestibule:
Between the teeth and the cheek/lips.
218
Which arch goes from soft palate to tongue?
palatoglossal arch.
219
Which arch goes from soft palate to the pharynx?
Platopharyngeal arch.
220
How do we differentiate between arches and muscles?
Arches are when the muscle is covered in a thick mucous membrane, while muscle is when there is no mucous membrane.
221
What two structures lay between the palatoglossal muscle and palatopharyngeal muscle?
1. Glossopharyngeal CN IX
2. Palatine tonsils.
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Which muscle will help elevate the soft palate, and close off the nasal cavity? What is the benefit to this?
The levator palatine muscle.
This is beneficial to stopping backflow of liquids into the nasal cavity..
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Attachments of levator palatine muscle:
Soft palate to temporal bone.
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Attachments of tensor palatine muscle:
Sphenoid bone to soft palate.
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What is the innervation to the levator palatine muscle?
The pharyngeal plexus - glossopharyngeal CN IX, and vagus CN X.
226
What structure does tensor palatine open?
Auditory tube, in the nasopharynx to middle ear.
227
What is the innervation to tensor palatine muscle?
V3 mandibular nerve.
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What is the innervation to palatopharyngeal and palatoglossal muscles?
Glossopharyngeal CN IX.
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Which muscles will help elevate and protract the trachea when swallowing?
Suprahyoid muscles - That will pull the trachea out of the way to easily allow food to go down the esophagus when swallowing.
230
What innervation goes to the suprahyoid muscles:
Facial CN VII and Mandibular nerve V3.
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The _________ is a large muscle that helps to swallow food, and its motor function is innervated by ________________.
1. The tongue.
2. Hypoglossal CN XII.
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Functions of the larynx:
1. Production of sounds - phonation by the vocal ligaments.
2. Protective sphincter for the trachea.
3. Increases thoracic/abdominal pressure.
233
Spaces of the larynx:
1. Vestibule - between epiglottis and vestibular fold.
2. Ventricle of larynx - between vestibular fold and vocal fold.
3. Infraglottic cavity - Between vocal folds and trachea.
4. Rimma glottids - space between the two vocal ligaments. - only one we can narrow, widen, or close.
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Articulations of the larynx are all -
Synovial planar gliding.
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Articulation of the larynx that allows for changing size of the Rimma glottis:
Cricoarytenoid articulation.
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Articulation of the larynx that increases or decreases tension on the vocal ligaments:
Cricothyroid articulation.
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Which muscles will adduct the cricoarytenoid articulation, and narrow the rimma glottis?
1. Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle.
2. Arytenoid muscle.
238
What muscle allows us to whisper?
Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle.
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Which muscle allows us to fully close the rimma glottis?
Arytenoid muscle.
240
Which muscles act on the cricothyroid articulation?
1. Cricothyroid.
2. Thyroarytenoid.
3. Vocalis muscle.
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Which muscle will abduct the rimma glottis?
The posterior cricoarytenoid muscle.
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Which two muscles will decrease tension on the vocal ligaments, and therefore decrease pitch of phonation:
1. Vocalis muscle.
2. Thyroarytenoid muscle.
243
Which muscle will increase tension on the vocal cords, and increase pitch of phonation?
Cricothyroid muscle.
244
Most of the laryngeal muscles, excluding the cricothyroid muscle, will have innervation from:
Recurrent laryngeal nerve - a branch of vagus cn X.
245
The cricothyroid muscle will have innervation from which nerve?
The external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve - a branch of vagus.
246
Superior branch of the
