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exam 3 lecture quiz questions Flashcards

(75 cards)

1
Q

Which hormones affects the kidney’s function?

A

parathyroid hormone
aldosterone
ADH

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2
Q

what mammal species holds the record for saltiest urine

A

dik dak

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3
Q

true or false: the kidneys have two systems of capillaries connected to one another by an arteriole

A

true

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4
Q

The hypothalamus regulates the anterior pituitary gland function through secretion of hormones including:

A

thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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5
Q

what hormone increases direct water absorption by the kidneys and is not achieved through osmosis

A

ADH

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6
Q

what hormone activates the circadian rhythms

A

melatonin

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7
Q

what hormone increases metabolism

A

T3

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8
Q

what organ secretes the hormone that decreases glycemia

A

beta cells of the pancreas

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9
Q

what hormone stimulates the secretion of T4

A

TSH

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10
Q

what organ secretes the hormone that decreases calcemia

A

parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

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11
Q

what endocrine organs are found in the brain

A

pituitary gland
hypothalamus gland
pineal gland

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12
Q

what endocrine organs are found in the neck

A

thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
(thymus in some species)

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13
Q

what endocrine organs are found in the abdominal cavity

A

pancreas

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14
Q

what endocrine organs in the thoracic cavity

A

thymus (neck in some species)

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15
Q

what endocrine organs are found in the abdominal cavity in the retroperitoneal space

A

adrenal glands
kidneys

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16
Q

what part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus senses sodium levels in the urine

A

macula densa (A in diagram)
They sense low sodium levels in the urine of the DCT and secrets prostaglandin in response. This prostaglandins trigger the release of renin. How does low sodium levels equate low blood pressure? That’s because filtration at the renal corpuscle level is directly related to the blood pressure inside the glomeruli. Low blood pressure=> low filtration => low solutes (like Na+) in the filtrate/urine.

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17
Q

what part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus senses synthesizes and releases renin

A

extra glomerular cells (B in diagram)
(aka granular cells)

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18
Q

what is the name of the hormone that stimulates milk ejection from the mammary gland

A

oxytocin

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19
Q

what is the name of the hormone that stimulates the secretion of testosterone in males

A

LH

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20
Q

what is the name of the hormone that increases erythropoiesis

A

erythropoietin

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21
Q

what is the name of the organ that secretes the hormone that stimulates reproductive functions

A

anterior pituitary gland

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22
Q

dog or cat digital pads:
smooth dermal and epidermal papillae

A

cat

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23
Q

dog or cat digital pads:
thick claw-like papillae

A

dog

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24
Q

dog or cat digital pads:
descend from a desert dwelling and nocturnal species

A

cat

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25
dog or cat digital pads: descendent of a species living in snow bound northern countries
dog
26
dog or cat digital pads: have a countercurrent heat exchanger in the dermis of their pads
dog
27
eccrine sweat gland
clump of squiggle-shaped tubes in epidermis (D on diagram) these glands secrete aqueous sweat and is only found in glabrous (hairless) skin
28
what are the three types of pads
carpal pad (A) metacarpal pad (B) digital pad (D)
29
horns:
are never shed found in bovids and relatives do not branch made of a core of bone covered in skin that has been generously keratinized
30
apocrine sweat glands
small cluster next to hair follicle on right side (C in diagram) they secrete an oily substance that lubricates both hair and glabrous skin it is the main sweat gland of horses that allows them to cool down in hot weather
31
the skin:
made of up 3 layers: epidermis (G), dermis (H), and hypodermis (I)
32
where is white adipose tissue normally found
hypodermis
33
sebaceous glands
small cluster on left side of hair follicle (B on diagram) they secrete an oily substance that waterproofs the skin
34
antlers:
are shed every year found in members of the cervidae family made mostly of bone have a branches aspect
35
where are melanocytes found
border between dermis and epidermis
36
name of melanocyte packaged pigments
melanosomes
37
hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
releasing hormones from the hypothalamus travel through this specialized blood vessel system which connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland
38
what hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland when stimulated and synthesized by the releasing hormones coming from the hypothalamus
luteinizing hormone (LH) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) growth hormone (GH) adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
39
thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)
produced by: hypothalamus acts on: pituitary gland
40
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
produced by: pituitary gland acts on: thyroid gland
41
adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
produced by: pituitary gland acts on: adrenal glands
42
cortisol
produced by: adrenal glands acts on: thymus & immune system
43
testosterone
produced by: leydig cells of tesis acts on: seminal vesicles and prostate
44
LH
produced by: pituitary gland acts on: testis
45
true or false: ACTH and Cortisol were the only two hormones used in this study known to be immunosuppressive and may both explain the decreased thymus. However, of these two hormones, only ACTH can explain the increased size of the adrenal glands
true
46
what somatosensory cell is sensitive to fine touch
free nerve endings
47
genetic disease that causes patients to not feel pain
CIPA syndrome
48
rods (eye)
most sensitive to light sensitive to a whole visible light spectrum
49
Which features of the eye is in charge of accommodation?
lens & ciliary muscles
50
what is accommodation (eye)
allows the imaged perceived by the eye to focus on the retina
51
olfactory neuron dendrites function
carry olfactory receptors
52
tuft neurons function
synapse with the olfactory neuron dendrites
53
bowman's gland function
secretes mucus of the nasal cavity
54
supporting epithelium
surrounds and nurtures the olfactory neuron
55
what other organs have mechanoreceptors (detect light, touch, pressure)
skin, tends, & aortic arch
56
what part of the eye is sensitive to light
retina
57
what somatosensory cells are sensitive to deep pressure
pacinian corpuscules ruffini endings
58
what is another word for tympanic membrane
ear drum
59
what part of the brain does visual processing take place
occipital lobe (D)
60
what part of the brain does sensory input processing take place
parietal lobe (B)
61
what part of the brain does executive skills and motor skills take place
frontal lobe (A)
62
what part of the brain does auditory input processing take place
temporal lobe (C)
63
Multiple sclerosis (MS), is an autoimmune disease. People suffering from this progressively loose their motor function starting from extremities (limbs). What cells are typically attacked in the early onset of the disease?
Schawnn cells
64
what is the only type of glial cell found in the PNS
Schawnn cells
65
true or false: Glial cells such as Schwann cells increase the speed of propagation of the action potential along neurons
true
66
what is the PNS further divided into
sympathetic nervous system and enteric nervous system
67
what is the enteric nervous system responsible for
digestive tract peristalis and does not need input from the brain to function (automatic)
68
parasympathetic vs sympathetic
sympathetic - will increase the bodies readiness for flight or fight parasympathetic - stimulates digestion
69
true or false: Bilirubin crystals are occasionally observed in urine of healthy DOGS, but always represent abnormal findings when present in CAT urine.
true
70
true or false: “Up to 5 white blood cells (WBCs) per high powered field (HPF) may be present in a urine sample collected from a healthy animal. Hematuria, or the presence of red blood cells (RBCs) in urine is also considered normal.”
false While it is normal to see up to 5 WBC per HPF in healthy animals, hematuria is always abnormal and often indicative of damage in the urinary tract (with the exception of females in estrous).
71
true or false: “The presence of any hyaline casts at all in a urine sample is abnormal and indicative of kidney disease."
false Hyaline casts present in less than 2 per LPF hyaline and > 1 per LPF granu-lar casts may be found in urine from healthy animals.1,3 Increased numbers of casts in the urine (cylinduria) localizes a disease process to the kidneys.
72
true or false: "While calcium oxalate is observed in urine collected from healthy animals or animals with calcium oxalate uroliths, these crystals may also be indicative of hypercalciuria or hyperoxaluria from ethylene glycol or oxalate rich plant ingestion.”
true
73
true or false: In healthy male dogs, especially with concentrated urine, bilirubinuria isn't always a cause for concern and can be normal
true
74
true or false: The presence of oil droplets, turbidity and proteinuria in urine collected from a male dog can be attributed to a substance produced by the penis called smegma
true
75
true or false: “Shedding of renal tubule squamous epithelial cells in the urine may be indicative of renal tubule damage, but it’s difficult to distinguish these cells from WBC and other translational epithelial cells. If there appears to be elevated levels of squamous epithelial cells in a urine sample, an air-dried cytology preparation should be used to distinguish these cells from WBC and translational epithelial cells to make a diagnosis.”
true