Exam 3 (Lesson 9, 10, 11, 12)

Question 1

Why mobility?

Answer 1

• it is a key feature of our independence as human beings

Question 2

Why posture control?

Answer 2

the ability to control our body’s position in space is FUNDAMENTAL to everything we do

Question 3

Mobility

Answer 3

is an integral part of our everyday life

Question 4

Primary goal of a patient is often to ______ ______

Answer 4

regain mobility

Question 5

Progression

Answer 5

the ability to generate a rhythmic stepping pattern to move the body forward

Question 6

Postural Control

Answer 6

the ability to ensure orientation and stability

Question 7

Adaptability

Answer 7

the ability to adapt gait to changing task and environmental requirements

Question 8

Stance Phase of Gait - Progression

Answer 8

stabilizing limb for weight bearing and generating forces to move the body for continued motion

Question 9

Swing Phase of Gait - Progression

Answer 9

advancement of the swing leg to reposition the limb, and make sure toe clears the ground

Question 10

Stair walking - Progression

Answer 10

generation of forces to propel the body upstairs (concentric) or to control the body’s descent downstairs (eccentric)

Question 11

Transfer tasks - Progression

Answer 11

• e. g getting up from a chair

- movement in a desired direction

Question 12

Stance Phase - Stability/Postural Control

Answer 12

• vertical forces support the body mass against gravity

Question 13

Swing Phase - Stability/Postural Control

Answer 13

• repositioning of the limb in preparation for weight acceptance

Question 14

Stair walking - Stability/postural control

Answer 14

control of the CoM within a constantly changing base of support

Question 15

Transfer Tasks - Stability/postural control

Answer 15

• postural control

Question 16

Stance Phase - Adaptability

Answer 16

• changes in speed and direction or alterations in the support surface

Question 17

Swing phase - Adaptability

Answer 17

avoidance of obstacles by swing of foot

Question 18

Gait Variables

Answer 18

• steps
• stride length
• velocity
• ROM
• Cadence
• Toe In/Toe Out

Question 19

Gait Cycle - Phases

Answer 19

• two main phases: Stance (60%) and swing (40%)

Question 20

Stance Phase

Answer 20

• initial contact
• loading response
• mid stance
• terminal stance
• preswing

Question 21

Swing Phase

Answer 21

• initial swing
• mid-swing
• terminal swing

Question 22

Step length

Answer 22

distance between contralateral foot strikes

Question 23

Stride length

Answer 23

distance from one foot strike to the next for the ipsilateral foot

Question 24

Velocity

Answer 24

m/ in research vs. 40 ft or 6 min in clinic

Question 25

Cadence

Answer 25

the number of steps within a unit time, often denoted as steps/minutes

Question 26

Locomotion in older adults

Answer 26

- falls are the 7th leading cause of death in 75 y.o or older - many of the falls occur during walking

Question 27

Factors contributing to changes in gait parameters in older adults

Answer 27

- balance/postural control - reduced sensory information - cognitive factors - changes in proactive and reactive locomotor abilities - pathology - aging - genetic and experiential components

Question 28

Temporal and Distance Parameters in Older Adults

Answer 28

- decreased walking speed/decreased cadence - shorter stride length/shorter step length - longer double support phase/shorter single limb stance - decreased swing phase/increased stance phase - wider BOS/Increased stride width

Question 29

Kinematic Changes in Older Adults

Answer 29

- decreased arm swing - decreased hip, knee, and ankle flexion - flatter foot on heel strike - decreased ability to co-vary hip/knee movement - decreased dynamic stability during stance - decreased vertical movement of the CoG/CoM

Question 30

Kinetic Changes in Older Adults

Answer 30

- decreased power generation at push-off | - decreased power absorption at heel strike

Question 31

Muscle Activation Pattern in Older Adults

Answer 31

- increased muscle activity level at specific points in the step cycle (increased effort to improve stability) - increased coactivation of agonist and antagonist muscles (increased stiffness)

Question 32

What is the reported minimal walking speed for an older adult to safely cross a city street?

Answer 32

1.4 m/s

Question 33

Proactive adaptation in Older Adults

Answer 33

proactive locomotor abilities change with age, taking longer time to adapt an upcoming step in order to avoid an obstacle

Question 34

Reactive Adaptation in Older Adults

Answer 34

- trips: 35-47% of falls in older adults are due to tripping over an object - slips: account for 27-32% of falls and subsequent injuries

Question 35

Role of Pathology in Gait Changes

Answer 35

- many subjects who are considered pathology-free show subtle pathologies, when being carefully examined - we can determine whether the changes are related to normal aging or to neurological pathology

Question 36

Cognitive Factors

Answer 36

attention is another important requirement for gait function

Question 37

Role of Pathology in Gait Changes - Sensory Impairments

Answer 37

visual, somatosensory (proprioceptive) and vestibular systems

Question 38

Role of Pathology in Gait Changes - Muscle Weakness

Answer 38

decrease in push-off power during gait is possibly related to muscle weakness