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ANSC 421: Reproduction and Physiology > Exam 3 Material > Flashcards

Exam 3 Material Flashcards

Puberty (77 cards)

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1
Q

How long does the average mensuration in ewes last? other animals?

A

Ewes: 17 days
Others: 21 days

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2
Q

The Estrus Cycle is composed of the _____ phase and the ____ phase.

A

Follicular and Luteal

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3
Q

True or False: The follicles in the follicular phase of are antral follicles and form a corpus luteum regression

A

True

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4
Q

What percent of the female reproduction cycle is the follicular phase?

A

20%

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5
Q

The dominant hormone in the luteal phase is _________.

A

Progesterone (P4)

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6
Q

True or False: The luteal phase of the female reproductive cycle makes up 75% of the cycle

A

False 80%

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7
Q

What are the 4 stages of the Estrous cycle?

A
  1. Prosestrus
  2. Estrus
  3. Metestrus
  4. Diestrus
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8
Q

Proestrus and Estrus make up the ______ phase.

A

Follicular Phase

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9
Q

Metestrus and Diestrus make up the ______ phase.

A

Luteal Phase

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10
Q

What stage starts when P4 decreases and stops at Estrus?

A

Proestrus

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11
Q

True or False: Antral follicles mature in the Estrus phase

A

False: its in the Proestrus phase

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12
Q

Peak E2 production happens at ______.

A

Estrus / Ovulation

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13
Q

What happens in the metestrus stage?

A

Luteinization. Its the stage between the ovulation and CL formation

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14
Q

True or False: Metestrus is the longest stage

A

False its the Diestrus

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15
Q

In the the diestrus stage the ___ is fully functional and there is maximum ___________ secretion to end luteolysis.

A

CL , Progesterone

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16
Q

What is the length of a cow’s estrous cycle?

A

21 days , Range: 17-24 days , Heat: 15 hours

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17
Q

What is the length of a ewe’s estrous cycle?

A

17 days , Range: 13-19 days , Heat: 30 hours

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18
Q

What is the length of a mare’s estrous cycle?

A

21 days , Range: 15-26 days , Heat: 7 days

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19
Q

What is the length of a sow’s estrous cycle?

A

21 days , Range: 17-25 days , Heat: 50 hours

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20
Q

What is Polyestrus?

A

Multiple menstruations in a year

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21
Q

What is Seasonal Polyestrus?

A

Long day and short day breeders who breed in seasons relating to day length

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22
Q

What is Monoesrtus?

A

One mensuration per year

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23
Q

Define Anestrus.

A

Without cyclicity
- no ovulatory follicles
present
- no CL functioning / present

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24
Q

List the causes of Anestrus

A
  • Nutrition
  • Stress
  • Disease
  • Pregnancy
  • Lactation
  • Presence of offspring
  • Photoperiod / Season
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25
Define Gestational Anestrus.
Not cycling while the animal is pregnant
26
Describe Gestation Anestrus and its components.
Negative feedback at the hypothalamus due to progesterone production from the CL and placenta
27
What does postpartum anestrus allow for?
Uterine Repair
28
What is foal heat in a mare?
The mare will resume cyclicity around 2-3 weeks after parturition.
29
Define Seasonal Anestrous.
Animals who are seasonally polyestrus have a cycle where they are not cycling due to shorter or longer day lengths.
30
What regulates seasonal anestrus?
Photoperiod and Temperature
31
List the key players of seasonal anestrus.
- Melatonin - GnRH - Kiss peptin - RFRP - 3
32
Define Lactational Anestrus.
The animal doesn't cycle when lactating
33
List the exceptions of lactational anestrus.
- Mare and dairy cows don't go through lactational anestrus - Sows completely supress cyclicity when lactating - Beef cows vary depending on the degree of sucking and presence of offspring
34
Define Nutritional Anestrus.
No lactation in an animal due to a negative energy balance. the animal is not healthy enough to cycle.
35
What are the differences between the menstrual cycle and the estrous cycle.
Menstrual cycle has: - no endometrial sloughing in livestock - no defined period of sexual receptivity in women - timeline differ depending in observable component
36
Amenorrhea is the human equivalent to __________.
Anestrus
37
The menstrual Follicular phase is composed of...
1. Elevation in gonadotropin secretion 2. Follicular growth and preparation for ovulation 3. Estrus 4. Ovulation
38
Estradiol synthesis by antral follicles is sometimes called the ___ cell theory of ____________
2 , steroidogenesis
39
In the 2 cell theory of steroidogenesis the Theca cells have ___ receptors.
LH
40
In the 2 cell theory of steroidogenesis the Granulosa cells have ____ receptors.
FSH
41
List the key events resulting from LH surge.
- Hyperemia increasing local blood flow - Increase progesterone production - Increase progesterone production
42
P4 stimulates the prpoduction of key enzymes called _______ that breaks down collagen (connective tissue found in the outer layer of the oviduct).
Collagenase
43
What are the biochemical events that the LH surge initiates?
1. Elevated blood flow 2. Breakdown of connective tissue 3. transformation of theca and granulose cells 4. changing from E2 to P4 production 5. Extrusion of oocyte and surrounding granulosa cells
44
What is Oogenesis?
The formation and maturation of gametes occurring throughout embryonic development and reproductive lifespan.
45
List the 4 phases of oogenesis.
1. Mitotic cell division of primordial germ cells 2. Nuclear arrest 3. Cytoplasmic growth of oocyte 4. Resumption of meiosis
46
In the luteal phase of the mensural cycle the ______ cells become large luteal cells (LLC) and the ______ become the small luteal cells (SLC).
Granulosa (LLC) , Theca (SLC)
47
What 3 things are necessary in order to begin puberty?
1. Gametogenesis 2. Steroidogenesis 3. Increase development of the Repro. Tissues
48
What prevents estrogen from crossing the Blood Brain Barrier?
Alphafeto Protein (glycoprotein)
49
In puberty, what enzyme converts testosterone to estrogen?
Aromatase
50
In the hypothalamus there are two centers called the ________ and ________ centers. Females have ______ while the males have only the _________.
Surge and Tonic Both Tonic
51
What is the limiting factor of the onset of Puberty?
Presynaptic neurons submitting transmitting signals to GnRH neurons.
52
The onset of puberty is determined by:
- Appropriate Frequencies of hormones - Appropriate Quantities of hormones specifically GnRH
53
Presynaptic neurons are influenced by:
- Plane of nutrition - Genetics - Exposure to Environment and social cues
54
What is the difference between Estrous and Estrus?
Estrus is the heat and ovulation | Estrous is the whole cycle
55
In the male puberty is the ability to ______ and ______ mature ________.
Copulate, Produce, Spermatozoa
56
List the 6 factors the effect the onset of puberty.
- Body size - Nutrition - Leptin - Neuropeptide Y - Kiss peptin - External Factors
57
What are the external factors the effect the onset of puberty?
- Social presence of the opposite sex: The MALE EFFECT: exposing females to a male - Housing density of animals: confining guilts to reach puberty sooner
58
List the key events that result from the LH surge.
- Hyperemia - Increase progesterone (P4) production - Prostaglandins being made
59
What are the two hormones associated with Hyperemia`?
PGE2 and Histamine
60
In the increase of progesterone resulting from the LH surge, P4 increases the production of _______ that breaks down ________.
Collagenase, Collagen
61
After the LH surge, Prostaglandins F2a and E2 are made locally in the ______ and increase production of the ________ ________.
Ovary | Plasminogen Activator
62
True or False: Plasmin does not help with tissue remodeling.
False
63
The LH surge initiates and synchronizes a series of Biochemical events. What are those events?
1. Elevated Blood Flow 2. Breakdown of Connective Tissue 3. Transformation of Theca and Granulosa cells 4. Changing from E2 to P4 production 5. Extrusion of the Oocyte and surrounding Granulosa cells
64
In the Nuclear arrest phase of oogenesis what 3 things happen?
- DNA becomes individual in female gamete - Reduces chance of DNA Damage - Stays dormant until puberty
65
In the Cytoplasm growth of the oocyte phase in oogenesis what two things have to happen?
- Granulosa cells stimulate the increase of oocyte growth | - Formation of the Zona Pellucida
66
In the Resumption of Meiosis phase of oogenesis final _______ of the oocyte occurs and the LH surge drives the __________ of meiosis.
Maturation | Resumption
67
The Luteal Phase of estrous starts at _______ and ends at the __ __________.
Ovulation | CL Regression
68
What is the dominant structure and the necessary hormone in the Luteal Phase of estrous?
Structure: CL Hormone: P4
69
Large Luteal Cells increase by _______ meaning that it increases in cell _____ and ______.
Hypertrophy | Size and Volume
70
Small Luteal Cells increase in ________ meaning that they increase in cell _______.
Hyperplasia | Number
71
Small Luteal Cells depend on ___ (hormone) to make P4
LH
72
The corps luteum is known as a _______ ______ organ meaning that it is temporary and secretes hormones.
Transient Endocrine
73
List the 4 steps of the Follicular phase in estrous. q
1. Elevation in gonadotropin secretion 2. Follicular growth and preparation for ovulation 3. Estrus 4. Ovulation
74
In the Follicular phase of estrous, E2 at low levels means there is a ______ _______ system present and E2 at increasing levels means there is a ______ ______ system.
Negative Feedback | Positive Feedback
75
Define Antral Follicular Dynamics.
The process of follicular growth and development from primary follicles to secondary follicles to tertiary follicles.
76
True or False: Primary follicles make the most E2 out of all the follicles.
False: The Tertiary or Antral Follicles
77
List the 4 short periods of Antral Follicular Development.
1. Recruitment 2. Selection 3. Dominance 4. Artresia (follicular cell death)

ANSC 421: Reproduction and Physiology (4 decks)

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