Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Chemistry > Exam 3 - Module 9 > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Module 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main types of organic reactions?

A

Acid/Base, Substitution, Elimination, Addition, REDOX, Isomerization.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an acid/base reaction?

A

The transfer of protons from one species to another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

Switching one group for another on a molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an elimination reaction?

A

The removal of a group completely from a molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

The addition of a group to a molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What defines REDOX reactions?

A

Changing the oxidation state of a group on a molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is isomerization?

A

The rearrangement of groups within the same molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

An electron-rich species, such as anions, heteroatoms with lone pair electrons, alkenes, and alkynes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

An electron-poor species, such as carbocations, carbonyl groups, alkenes, and alkynes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do catalysts do in reactions?

A

They increase the rate of a reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Do all biochemical reactions use enzymes and cofactors as catalysts?

A

Yes, all biochemical reactions utilize enzymes and cofactors as catalysts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How common are acid/base reactions?

A

They are one of the most common reaction types.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is typically the purpose of acid/base reactions?

A

To form a reactive species during the reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Can acid/base reactions involve both Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis acids and bases?

A

Yes, they can involve either.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is nucleophilic substitution?

A

The addition of a nucleophile to an electrophile.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is aromatic substitution?

A

The substitution of a hydrogen on an aromatic ring with another group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is acyl substitution?

A

The addition of a nucleophile to a carbonyl-containing group such as esters, amides, carboxylic acids, sulfonate groups, or phosphate groups.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens in elimination reactions?

A

A group is removed from the molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens in addition reactions?

A

A group is added to the molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is oxidation in REDOX reactions?

A

An increase in the number of bonds to oxygen or nitrogen and a decrease in the number of bonds to hydrogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is reduction in REDOX reactions?

A

A decrease in the number of bonds to oxygen or nitrogen and an increase in the number of bonds to hydrogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is catalysis?

A

It increases the reaction rate by lowering activation energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Do catalysts appear in the final product of a reaction?

A

No, they do not appear in the product.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Are catalysts consumed during the reaction process?

A

No, they are not consumed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are enzymes?
Globular proteins that act as catalysts.
26
What are the main characteristics of enzymes?
Efficiency, specificity, and regulation.
27
How do enzymes compare to typical chemical catalysts in terms of efficiency?
Enzymes work better than typical chemical catalysts.
28
What makes enzymes specific?
They are specific to individual chemical processes.
29
Can enzymes regulate based on metabolic and environmental conditions?
Yes, they can adapt to different conditions.
30
What are cofactors?
Non-protein components required for enzymes to perform their role.
31
Where do cofactors bind?
They bind within the enzyme to promote enzymatic processes.
32
What are the two types of cofactors?
Inorganic ions (e.g., Mg, Zn, Cu) and organic coenzymes (typically derived from vitamins).
33
What are the main enzyme classes?
Transferase, Hydrolase, Oxidoreductase, Lyase, Ligase, Isomerase.
34
What do transferases do?
They transfer functional groups from one substrate to another.
35
What do hydrolases do?
They break bonds using water (hydrolysis).
36
What do oxidoreductases catalyze?
REDOX reactions.
37
What do lyases catalyze?
Elimination reactions.
38
What do ligases do?
They join two molecules together.
39
What do isomerases do?
They catalyze structural shifts within the same molecule.
40
What is the role of acyl transferases?
Transfer an acyl (carbonyl) group.
41
What do kinases transfer?
Phosphate groups.
42
What do transaminases transfer?
Amino groups.
43
What do methyl transferases transfer?
Methyl groups.
44
What do DNA/RNA transferases transfer?
Methyl groups onto cytosine (DNA) or uracil (RNA).
45
What do lipases hydrolyze?
Fats.
46
What do esterases hydrolyze?
Esters.
47
What do phosphatases hydrolyze?
Phosphates.
48
What do nucleases hydrolyze?
Nucleic acids (essential for DNA repair).
49
What do glycosidases hydrolyze?
Carbohydrates.
50
What does saponification convert?
Triglycerides into fatty acids (making soap).
51
What do oxidases do?
Transfer electrons or hydrogen to oxygen.
52
What do oxygenases do?
Transfer oxygen to a substrate.
53
What do hydroxylases do?
Add hydroxyl groups to a substrate.
54
What do reductases do?
Transfer electrons or hydrogen to a substrate.
55
What do dehydrogenases do?
Transfer electrons or hydrogen from a substrate.
56
What do peroxidases break down?
Peroxides (e.g., hydrogen peroxide).
57
What do decarboxylases do?
Remove a carboxyl group.
58
What do cyclases do?
Cyclize ATP or GTP with the loss of a phosphate group.
59
What do DNA ligases do?
Join DNA strands together (important in DNA repair and replication).
60
What do synthases catalyze?
Synthesis processes.
61
What do racemases do?
Invert the stereochemistry for substrates with one stereocenter.
62
What do epimerases do?
Invert the stereochemistry for substrates with multiple stereocenters.
63
What do mutases do?
Promote intramolecular group transfers.
64
What is chorismate mutase responsible for?
The production of phenylalanine and tyrosine.
65
What does aconitase convert?
Citrate to isocitrate in the Citric Acid cycle.
66
What are the main types of organic reactions?
Acid/Base, Substitution, Elimination, Addition, REDOX, Isomerization.
67
What is an acid/base reaction?
The transfer of protons from one species to another.
68
What is a substitution reaction?
Switching one group for another on a molecule.
69
What is an elimination reaction?
The removal of a group completely from a molecule.
70
What is an addition reaction?
The addition of a group to a molecule.
71
What defines REDOX reactions?
Changing the oxidation state of a group on a molecule.
72
What is isomerization?
The rearrangement of groups within the same molecule.
73
What is a nucleophile?
An electron-rich species, such as anions, heteroatoms with lone pair electrons, alkenes, and alkynes.
74
What is an electrophile?
An electron-poor species, such as carbocations, carbonyl groups, alkenes, and alkynes.
75
What do catalysts do in reactions?
They increase the rate of a reaction.
76
Do all biochemical reactions use enzymes and cofactors as catalysts?
Yes, all biochemical reactions utilize enzymes and cofactors as catalysts.
77
How common are acid/base reactions?
They are one of the most common reaction types.
78
What is typically the purpose of acid/base reactions?
To form a reactive species during the reaction.
79
Can acid/base reactions involve both Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis acids and bases?
Yes, they can involve either.
80
What is nucleophilic substitution?
The addition of a nucleophile to an electrophile.
81
What is aromatic substitution?
The substitution of a hydrogen on an aromatic ring with another group.
82
What is acyl substitution?
The addition of a nucleophile to a carbonyl-containing group such as esters, amides, carboxylic acids, sulfonate groups, or phosphate groups.
83
What happens in elimination reactions?
A group is removed from the molecule.
84
What happens in addition reactions?
A group is added to the molecule.
85
What is oxidation in REDOX reactions?
An increase in the number of bonds to oxygen or nitrogen and a decrease in the number of bonds to hydrogen.
86
What is reduction in REDOX reactions?
A decrease in the number of bonds to oxygen or nitrogen and an increase in the number of bonds to hydrogen.
87
What is catalysis?
It increases the reaction rate by lowering activation energy.
88
Do catalysts appear in the final product of a reaction?
No, they do not appear in the product.
89
Are catalysts consumed during the reaction process?
No, they are not consumed.
90
What are enzymes?
Globular proteins that act as catalysts.
91
What are the main characteristics of enzymes?
Efficiency, specificity, and regulation.
92
How do enzymes compare to typical chemical catalysts in terms of efficiency?
Enzymes work better than typical chemical catalysts.
93
What makes enzymes specific?
They are specific to individual chemical processes.
94
Can enzymes regulate based on metabolic and environmental conditions?
Yes, they can adapt to different conditions.
95
What are cofactors?
Non-protein components required for enzymes to perform their role.
96
Where do cofactors bind?
They bind within the enzyme to promote enzymatic processes.
97
What are the two types of cofactors?
Inorganic ions (e.g., Mg, Zn, Cu) and organic coenzymes (typically derived from vitamins).
98
What are the main enzyme classes?
Transferase, Hydrolase, Oxidoreductase, Lyase, Ligase, Isomerase.
99
What do transferases do?
They transfer functional groups from one substrate to another.
100
What do hydrolases do?
They break bonds using water (hydrolysis).
101
What do oxidoreductases catalyze?
REDOX reactions.
102
What do lyases catalyze?
Elimination reactions.
103
What do ligases do?
They join two molecules together.
104
What do isomerases do?
They catalyze structural shifts within the same molecule.
105
What is the role of acyl transferases?
Transfer an acyl (carbonyl) group.
106
What do kinases transfer?
Phosphate groups.
107
What do transaminases transfer?
Amino groups.
108
What do methyl transferases transfer?
Methyl groups.
109
What do DNA/RNA transferases transfer?
Methyl groups onto cytosine (DNA) or uracil (RNA).
110
What do lipases hydrolyze?
Fats.
111
What do esterases hydrolyze?
Esters.
112
What do phosphatases hydrolyze?
Phosphates.
113
What do nucleases hydrolyze?
Nucleic acids (essential for DNA repair).
114
What do glycosidases hydrolyze?
Carbohydrates.
115
What does saponification convert?
Triglycerides into fatty acids (making soap).
116
What do oxidases do?
Transfer electrons or hydrogen to oxygen.
117
What do oxygenases do?
Transfer oxygen to a substrate.
118
What do hydroxylases do?
Add hydroxyl groups to a substrate.
119
What do reductases do?
Transfer electrons or hydrogen to a substrate.
120
What do dehydrogenases do?
Transfer electrons or hydrogen from a substrate.
121
What do peroxidases break down?
Peroxides (e.g., hydrogen peroxide).
122
What do decarboxylases do?
Remove a carboxyl group.
123
What do cyclases do?
Cyclize ATP or GTP with the loss of a phosphate group.
124
What do DNA ligases do?
Join DNA strands together (important in DNA repair and replication).
125
What do synthases catalyze?
Synthesis processes.
126
What do racemases do?
Invert the stereochemistry for substrates with one stereocenter.
127
What do epimerases do?
Invert the stereochemistry for substrates with multiple stereocenters.
128
What do mutases do?
Promote intramolecular group transfers.
129
What is chorismate mutase responsible for?
The production of phenylalanine and tyrosine.
130
What does aconitase convert?
Citrate to isocitrate in the Citric Acid cycle.

Chemistry (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions