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A&P I > Exam 3 Muscles > Flashcards

Exam 3 Muscles Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

fulcrum

A

fixed point on which a level moves

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2
Q

resistance

A

the load to be overcome in a lever system

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3
Q

effort

A

the force exerted to overcome the resistance in a lever system

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4
Q

first class lever

A 
EFR
extension of head:
effort= contraction of the posterior neck muscles
fulcrum= alanto-occipital joint
resistance= weight of the head
ex. seesaw
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5
Q

second class lever

A

FRE
standing on toes:
fulcrum= distal epiphyses of the metatarsals
resistance= weight of body
effort= contraction of gastrocnemius and posterior leg muscles
ex. wheelbarrow

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6
Q

third class lever

A

REF
lifting a weight with one arm (flexion at the elbow):
resistance= weight of arm + weight you are trying to lift
effort= contraction of biceps brachii
fulcrum= elbow joint
*most muscles

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7
Q

power of a muscle contraction depends on:

A

the total cross-sectional area of the muscle

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8
Q

agonist

A
  • prime mover

- when contracts, a desired action occurs

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9
Q

antagonist

A

-opposing muscle which must relax to allow the agonist to work

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10
Q

synergist

A

-the muscles which contract and stabilize the intermediate joints

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11
Q

stabilizer

A

-these muscles stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that it can act more efficiently

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12
Q

compartment

A
  • muscles which have a common function

- associated with vessels and nerves

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13
Q

flexion

A

movement that decreases the angle between two bones

“flexor”

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14
Q

extension

A

an increase in the angle between two bones

“extensor”

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15
Q

abduction

A

movement away from the midline

“abductor”

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16
Q

adduction

A

movement towards the midline

“adductor”

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17
Q

elevation

A

movement of the body superiorly

“levator”

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18
Q

depression

A

movement of the body inferiorly

“depressor”

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19
Q

supination

A

turning the palm anteriorly

“supinator”

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20
Q

sphincter

A

ring of muscle

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21
Q

tensor

A

muscle that tightens or stretches a part of the body

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22
Q

muscles of facial expression

A 
O= fascia or bone of face
I= skin
N= Facial Nerve (C-VII)
orbicularis oris
orbicularis oculi
buccinator
platysma
frontalis
occipitalis
zygomaticus
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23
Q

masseter

A 
O= maxilla and zygomatic arch
I= angle and ramus of mandible
N= trigeminal (C-V)
A= elevates mandible (closes mouth)
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24
Q

temporalis

A 
O= temporal bone
I= coronoid process and ramus of mandible
N= trigeminal (C-V)
A= elevates and retracts mandible
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25
medial pterygoid
``` O= maxilla I= mandible N= trigeminal (C-V) A= elevates mandible ```
26
lateral pterygoid
``` N= trigeminal (C-V) A= only muscle that opens the mouth ```
27
superior rectus
``` O= common tendinous ring I= superior central eyeball N= oculomotor (C-III) A= elevation of the eye (look up) ```
28
inferior rectus
``` O= common tendinous ring I= inferior central eyeball N= oculomotor (C-III) A= depression of eye (look down) ```
29
lateral rectus
``` O= common tendinous ring I= lateral eyeball N= abducens (C-VI) A= abduct the eye ```
30
medial rectus
``` O= common tendinous ring I= lateral eyeball N= oculomotor (C-III) A= adduct the eye ```
31
superior oblique
``` O= common tendinous ring I= between SR and LR, through trochlea N= trochlear (C-IV) A= rotate eye medially ```
32
inferior oblique
``` O= maxilla in floor of orbit I= between IR and LR N= oculomotor (C-III) A= rotate eye laterally ```
33
levator palpebrae superioris
elevates eyelids
34
extrinsic muscles of tongue
-glossus | N= hypoglossal (C-XII)
35
digastric
``` O= mandible, temporal bone I= hyoid bone N= facial & trigeminal (C-V & C-VII) A= elevates hyoid bone ```
36
suprahyoid muscles
``` -elevate hyoid bone digastric stylohyoid mylohyoid geniogyoid ```
37
infrahyoid muscles
``` -depress hyoid bone ("strap muscles") omohyoid sternohyoid sternothyroid thyrohyoid ```
38
sternocleidomastoid
``` O= sternum, clavicle I= mastoid process N= cervical spinal nerves A= both flex the neck (if one side contracts, the head is rotated to opposite side) ```
39
muscles of neck that move the head
sternocleidomastoid semispinalis capitis splenius capitis longissimis capitis
40
external oblique
``` O= ribs 5-12 I= linea alba ```
41
internal oblique
``` O= iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia I= linea alba ```
42
transverse abdominis
``` O= ribs and cartilages 5-12, iliac crest I= linea alba ```
43
rectus abdominis
``` O= pubic crest, pubic symphysis I= xiphoid process, rib cartilages 5-7 ```
44
abdominal muscles
- work together to compress and protect abdominal contents | - innervated by segmental spinal nerves
45
diaphragm
``` O= sternum, costal cartilages, lumbar vertebrae I= central tendon of the diaphragm N= phrenic nerve (C3-C5) A= dome flattens during inhalation/contraction ```
46
muscles of pelvic floor
-act as sphincters -assist in resisting increased intra-abdominal pressure -innervated by the sacral spinal nerves levator ani & ischiococcygeus
47
levator ani
elevates anus two parts: pubococcygeus iliococcygeus
48
muscles of the perineum
``` anterior border= pubic symphysis lateral border= ischial tuberosities posterior border= coccyx anterior triangle= urethra and external genitalia posterior triangle: anus innervated by pudendal nerve ```
49
superficial perineal muscles
superficial transverse perineal bulbospongiosus ischiocavernosus
50
deep perineal muscles
deep transverse perineal muscle external urethral sphincter external anal sphincter
51
muscles that move the pectoral girdle anteriorly
subclavius pectoralis minor serratus anterior
52
pectoralis minor
``` O= ribs 3-5 I= coracoid process N= pectoral nerves A= abducts scapula, elevates ribs when scapula is fixed ```
53
serratus anterior
O= ribs 1-8 I= vertebral border and inferior angle of scapula N= long thoracic A= abducts scapula, elevates ribs when scapula is fixed -important in horizontal arm movements like punching and pushing & stabilizes scapula
54
muscles that move pectoral girdle posteriorly
``` trapezius levator scapulae (deep to sternomastoid & trapezius) rhomboid major and minor (deep to trapezius, used when forcibly lowering the raised upper limbs- like using sledgehammer) ```
55
trapezius
``` O= occipital bone, nuchal line, C7-C12 vertebrae I= clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula N= XI & C3-C4 A= elevates clavicle, adducts scapula, elevates/depresses/extends head ```
56
pectoralis major
``` O= clavicle, sternum, ribs 2-6 I= greater tubercle of the humerus N= medial/lateral pectoral nerves A= adducts and medially rotates arm, flexes arm ```
57
latissimus dorsi
``` O= spines of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, ilium, lower 4 ribs I= intertubercular sulcus of humerus N= thoracodorsal nerve A= extends, adducts, and medially rotates arm at shoulder, draws arm inferiorly and posteriorly (swimmer's muscle) ```
58
deltoid
``` O= clavicle, acromion, scapular spine I= lateral surface of humerus N= axillary nerve A= abducts arm ```
59
muscles of the rotator cuff
subscapularis supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor
60
subscapularis
``` O= subscapular fossa I= lesser tubercle of humerus N= subscapular nerves A= medially rotates arm ```
61
supraspinatus
``` O= supraspinous fossa I= grater tubercle of humerus N= suprascapular nerve A= assists deltoid in abduction ```
62
infraspinatus
``` O= infraspinous fossa I= greater tubercle of humerus N= axillary nerve A= lateral rotation of arm, adduction of arm ```
63
teres major
moves humerus and originates on scapula
64
coracobrachialis
moves humerus and originates on scapula
65
forearm flexors
biceps brachii brachialis brachioradialis
66
biceps brachii
``` O= coracoid process (short head), supraglenoid tubercle (long head) I= radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis N= musculocutaneous A= flexion, supination ```
67
triceps brachii
``` O= infraglenoid tubercle (long head), posterior lateral humerus (lateral head), posterior humerus (medial head) I= olecranon of ulna N= radial A= extension of forearm at elbow, extension of arm at shoulder ```
68
muscles that move the wrist, hand, thumb, and fingers
anterior group= flexors of the wrist/fingers & pronators posterior group= extensors of wrist/fingers & supinators -flexors originate at medial epicondyle -extensors originate at lateral epicondyle
69
muscles of anterior compartment (forearm)
flexor carpi radialis (median nerve) flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar nerve) palmaris longus (outside of carpal tunnel, median nerve) flexor digitorum superficialis (median nerve, splits) flexor pollicis longus (deep, median nerve) flexor digitorum profundus (deep, median nerve, goes through split)
70
muscles of the posterior compartment (forearm)
``` extensor carpi radialis longus extensor carpi radialis brevis extensor digitorum extensor digiti minimi extensor carpi ulnaris abductor pollicis longus (deep) extensor pollicis brevis (deep) extensor indicis (deep) -all innervated by radial nerve ```
71
thenar eminence
abductor pollicis brevis (median) opponens pollicis (median) flexor pollicis brevis (median and ulnar) adductor pollicis (ulnar)
72
hypothenar eminence
abductor digiti minimi (ulnar) flexor digiti minimi brevis (ulnar) opponens digiti minimi (ulnar)
73
interosseous muscles of the hand
4 dorsal interossei =abductors of fingers II, III, IV 3 palmar interossei= adductin of fingers II, IV, V ulnar nerve
74
muscles that move the vertebral column
``` splenius capitis & cervicis erector spinae complex iliocostalis (most lateral) longissimus (middle) spinalis (most medial) scalenes ```
75
iliopsoas
``` O= lumbar vertebrae, iliac fossa I= lesser trochanter of femur N= L2-L3, femoral nerve A= flexes thigh and vertebral column, laterally rotates thigh -anterior to spine ```
76
gluteus maximus
``` O= iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx, aponeurosis of erector spinae I= gluteal tuberosity of femur, iliotibial tract N= inferior gluteal nerve A= extension of thigh, lateral rotation of thigh ```
77
gluteus medius & minimus
``` O= ilium I= greater trochanter N= superior gluteal nerve A= abducts and medially rotates femur, maintains axis of pelvis when stepping w/ opposite foot ```
78
tensor fascia lata
``` O= iliac crest I= tibia via iliotibial tract N= superior gluteal nerve A= flexion and abduction of thigh ```
79
muscles of posterior thigh
-hamstrings -cross at the hip and knee -flex knee and extend thigh -tibial nerve biceps femoris (lateral) semitendinosus (medial group) semimembranosus (medial group)
80
biceps femoris
``` O= ischial tuberosity, femur I= fibular head, lateral condyle of tibia N= tibial nerve ```
81
semimembranosus
``` O= ischial tuberosity I= medial condyle, surface of the tibia N= tibial nerve ```
82
muscles of the anterior thigh
iliopsoas quadriceps femoris complex sartorius tensor fascia lata
83
quadriceps femoris complex
rectus femoris | vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius
84
rectus femoris
``` O= ilium I= upper border of patella N= femoral nerve A= flexes thigh, extends knee ```
85
vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius
``` O= anterior and lateral femur I= patellar tendon into tibial tuberosity N= femoral nerve A= extends knee ```
86
sartorius
``` O= anterior superior iliac spine I= surface of tibia N= femoral nerve A= flexes leg at knee, flexes thigh and rotates it laterally (cross legs) ```
87
muscles of the medial thigh
-all adductors adductor group pectineus (small adductor, most superior) gracilis
88
adductor magnus, longus, brevis (adductor group)
``` O= pubis, ischium I= linea aspera of femur A= adducts, rotates, and flexes ```
89
gracilis
``` O= pubic symphysis and arch I= medial surface of tibia A= adducts thigh and flexes knee ```
90
gastrocnemius/soleus (posterior leg)
``` O= lateral and medial condyles of femur, knee capsule I= calcaneus via achilles tendon N= tibial nerve A= flexes knee, plantar flexes foot ```
91
tibialis anterior (anterior leg)
``` O= tibia I= anterior tarsal bones A= dorsiflexes/inverts foot ```
92
anterior compartment of leg
tibialis anterior extensor hallucis longus extensor digitorum longus
93
tibialis anterior
``` O= lateral condule and body of tibia I= 1st metatarsal and 1st cuneiform N= deep fibular nerve A= dorsiflexes foot at ankle and inverts foot ```
94
lateral compartment of leg
fibularis longus and brevis
95
posterior compartment of leg (superficial)
gastrocnemius soleus plantaris
96
posterior compartment of leg (deep)
popliteus tibialis posterior flexor hallucis longus flexor digitorum longus
97
tibialis posterior
``` O= tibia, fibula I= metatarsals 2,3,4 & some tarsals N= tibial nerve A= plantar flexes foot and inverts foot ```
98
extensor digitorum & extensor hallucis brevis
only muscle located on dorsum of food
99
lateral plantar muscles
abductor digiti minimi | flexor digiti minimi brevis
100
medial plantar muscles
abductor hallucis flexor hallucis brevis adductor hallucis

A&P I (2 decks)

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