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Neuro200 > Exam 3- Neuropharmocology! > Flashcards

Exam 3- Neuropharmocology! Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

Identify the various ways in which drugs can affect
neurotransmitter function.

A

mimicking ( drug “fools” the brain into responding in the same way as if the natural neurotransmitter were present) , blocking, or enhancing neurotransmitter activity or altering their release, breakdown, or synthesis.

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2
Q

Understand the difference between receptor agonists and
receptor antagonists

A

Agonists: Activate receptors, mimicking the natural neurotransmitter’s effect.
Antagonists: Block receptors, preventing activation by the natural neurotransmitter or other agonists. (transmitter binds but does not activate, channel stay closed whole time)

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3
Q

Non competitive antagonist

A

Binds to a different site on the receptor (allosteric site) and inhibits receptor function in a way that cannot be overcome by increasing the concentration of the natural ligand.

The effect would be decreased receptor activity and it cannot be overcome by increasing the concentration of the natural ligand.

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4
Q

competitive antagonist

A

Binds to the same site on the receptor as the natural ligand, competing for binding. The antagonist’s effect can be overcome by increasing the concentration of the natural ligand.

The effect would be decreased receptor activation, but this effect can be overcome by increasing the concentration of the natural ligand.

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5
Q

cerebral cortex

A

Outermost layer of cerebrum. Includes the four lobes. Cognition, higher level resoning- Attention, memory, langauge.

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6
Q

Basal Ganglia is a

A

series of brain structures in forebrain, motor and habit learning, emotional processing

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7
Q

What structures consitute the Basal ganglia?

A

Striatum: Caudate and putamen
Globus Pallidus: subthalamic nucleus and substania nigra

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8
Q

the cerebral cortex is madde up of…

A

frontal, parietal, occipital and tremporal lobes

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9
Q

frontal lobe

A

higher level executive function; attention, critial thinking, impulse control, influences personality
location of primary motor cortex

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10
Q

parietal lobes

A

location of primary somatosensoryy cortex (pain and touch)
higher level visual processing

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11
Q

Occipital lobe

A

visual stimuli

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12
Q

temporal

A

sensory processing, hearing, smell, taste, some language

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13
Q

sulcus

A

grooved indentation in cerberal cortex

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14
Q

gyrus

A

bumps or raised ridges on cerebral cortex

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15
Q

fissure

A

a large, deep sulcus

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16
Q

central sulcus

A

seperates frontal from parietal lobe

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17
Q

lateral fissure

A

runs roughly along anterior to posterior direction of cortex curving gently dorsally (above temporal lobe)

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18
Q

longitudal fissure

A

divides two hemispheres of brain

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19
Q

precentral gyrus

A

primary motor cortex
rostral to central sulcus

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20
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

somatosensory cortex
caudal to central sulcus

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21
Q

gustatory cortex

A

taste, think gusto from ratatouille

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22
Q

Thalamus

A

relay station for sensory and motor signals, info from body to brain, memory and emotion

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23
Q

hypothalamus

A

homeostasis, communicates w endocrine system

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24
Q

Optic chasium

A

relay visual info, where optic nerves partially cross

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25
mamillary bodies
memory!
26
corpus callosum
center of cerebrum, white matter bundle made of axons, emotion
27
amygdala
emotion (fear, aggression), fight or flight, consolidate memories
28
hippocampus
memory formation and consolidation and spatial awarness
29
midbrain consists of
tectum ("roof")and tegmentum
30
structures of tectum
superior colliculus- reflexifve eye movement for quick orientation or changing enviroment inferior colliculus- relays auditory info to thalamus for audiotry info
31
strucutres of tegmentum
periaqueductal gray - response to pain red nucleus - coordinates complex movements substania nigra - coordinates complex movements (site of dopamine production) Ventral tegmental area - reward and emotion (also dopamine site)
32
hindbraind (rhombecephalon) structures
cerebellum - motor control functions; balance, coordination. Recgonizes and predicts sequences. also non-motor learning pons - relay impulses between motor crtex and and cerebellum, involuntary functions `
33
the caudal hindbrain structure
medulla - unconscious functions (heartbeat, blood preassure),
34
ventricular system
hollow, interconnected spces within brain, filled with CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)
35
how many ventricles within the human brain
4: lateral ventricles (2), third, fourth ventricle
36
what is the name of the hollow duct that runs all the way thru length of spinal cord?
central canal - narrow, fluid filled
37
mechanoreceptors
detect different modalities of touch (specilized cell endings)
38
touch mechanorecptors
Merkels discs: preassure, presice, (determines points and ending), how we red brail Meissners corpuscle: movement across skin (bug crawling on skin) Ruffini Endings stretching Passcinian corpulsse: detect vibrations
39
smaller receptive field =
more presice and accurate
40
Mechanoreceptor "mechanically gated" ion channels can be sensitive to...
1) stretching of lipid membrane 2) force applied to extracellular structres 3) deformation + stress on cells cytoskeloten all responding to force, leads to movement of ions
41
what does it mean for a drug to act as a NT receptor agonist?
it means that the drug binds to a specific neurotransmitter receptor in the brain (or other parts of the nervous system) and activates it, mimicking the action of the natural neurotransmitter that usually binds to that receptor
42
Describe MAO inhibitor drug mechanism of action and how does affect monoamine levels at the synapse?
This enzyme is responsible for breaking down certain neurotransmitters in the brain, known as monoamines, which include: Dopamin Serotonin Norepinephrine Epinephrine. MAO inhibitors block the enzyme monoamine oxidase, leading to increased levels of monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) in the synapse.
43
what is bioaccumumlation and why is it relevant to non-target organisms exposed to pharmaceutical in enviroment
a substance, such as a toxin or pharmaceutical, builds up in the tissues of an organism over time. This occurs when an organism absorbs a substance faster than it can eliminate it. As a result, the concentration of the substance increases within the organism, potentially reaching harmful levels. Pharmaceuticals, when they are released into the environment (through wastewater, runoff, improper disposal, etc.), can accumulate in the tissues of various organisms. These are typically not the intended targets of the drug, but they can still be affected due to bioaccumulation.
44
which of brain structures is responsible for enabling motor control functions (balance, coordination, posture) and motor learning
cerebellum
45
monoamine hypothesis
depression is caused by deficiency in certain NT, especially monoamines
46
MAO inhibitors:
reduce degradation of monoamines, increase levels of NT. MAOI block monoamine oxidase which break down monoamines
47
Tricycilic antidressants
block reuptake transporters, increase levels at synaptic cleft not selecticve!!!!!
48
selective reuptake inhibitors
block seretonin, noepinephrene reuptake transporters
49
The Neurotrophic hypothesis for depression
says that depression is linked to low levels of BDNF
50
BDNF
brainn derived neurotrophic factor that supports neuron to grow and make new connections
51
antidepressants _______ BDNF
increase
52
diathesis-stress hypothesis
mental disorders arise from interaction between ones vunerability (diathesis) and stress.
53
How might you increase levels of monoamines at synapse?
MAOI Tricilic antidepressenats selevtice reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
54
dermatome
A dermatome is an area of skin that is supplied by sensory nerves coming from a single spinal nerve root. Think of your body like it's divided into horizontal slices, and each slice is connected to a different spinal nerve. These zones are called dermatomes.
55
Aa axons
found in muscles , stretch and tension
56
AB axons
TOUCH and vibration
57
AS axons
sharp pain
58
C axons
unmylenated, burning pain
59
afferent axons carry info into the...
CNS
60
nociceptor
pain receptor, smaller and slower
61
which axons are associated with touch and which for pain
Touch: AB Pain: AS, C
62
Which sides do touch and pain route through spinal cord
Touch: left Pain: right Both start on left!
63
Where do they decussate
Touch: medulla Pain; Spinal Cord
64
affective motivational aspect of pain
feelings, emotional aspect. works through lots of areas in the brain
65
What area are associated with the emotional aspects of pain?
ACC, Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Insular Cortex
66
The perception of pain can be modulated both ______ and ____ axons from cortex
locally and descending
67
why do you rub your elbow when you hit something?
Gating hypothesis
68
Gating Hypothesis definition
Activation of Mechanoreceptors modulation transmission of pain info to brain,, rubbing will interupt mechanoreceptors.
69
gating hypothesis is an example of....
Local Moulation
70
Hyperalgesia
hypersensitivity to pain after tissue damage
71
Bradykin(peripheral chemical mediator of pain)
actively depolarizing nociceptors
72
Prostagladins(peripheral chemical mediator of pain)
also increase sensitivity to nociceptor
73
Substance P (peripheral chemical mediator of pain)
released by nociceptor- stimulates release of other chemicals by immune cells- these sensitive nociceptors
74
Descending Pain Modulation
Scenario: You're running a marathon and twist your ankle — but you barely feel the pain until the race is over. What's happening: Pain signal starts in the ankle (nociceptors → spinal cord). Normally, this signal would go up the spinal cord to the brain and be perceived as pain. But in this moment, your brain activates descending pathways to reduce pain perception.
75
what produces csf
choroid plexus
76
what regulates heart rate, breathing
medulla
77
pons function
➤ The pons helps coordinate movement and relays signals from higher brain regions to the cerebellum.
78
arousal, sleep, and consciousness.
reticular formation
79
meninges
protective layer around brain and spinal cord 1 dura matter (tough outer) 2 arachnoid matter 3 pia matter (inner, hugs brain)
80
Blood-brain barrier
It’s a protective barrier that prevents harmful substances in the blood from entering the brain while allowing nutrients through.
81
Pituitary gland – location and function
It’s the master endocrine gland, releasing hormones that control growth, metabolism, and other glands.
82
tectum is involved in...
visual and auditory reflexes
83
limbic system
emotion, motivation , memory
84
what regulates circadian rhythms and produces melatonin.
pineaal gland
85
which ventricle lies between the two halves of the thalamus.
third
86
primary motor cortex is in
frontal lobe
87
what keeps the brain awake and alert
reticular activating system (RAS)
88
basal ganglia
initiate and control voluntary movements and suppress unwanted movements.
89
What is the role of the arachnoid granulations in CSF circulation?
➤ Arachnoid granulations absorb cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
90
cerebral aqueduct
connects the third and fourth ventricles.
91
brocas area
responsible for speech production
92
midbrain controls
eye movement and reflexes
93
ventricular system
4th ventricle , cerebral aqueduct, 3rd ventricle, lateral ventricles
94
autoreceptors
feedback regulation, receptors on PRESYNAPTIC neuron that bind to NT released by the same neuron. THink of thermostat- when it gets too hot (NT), autoreceptors kick in.
95
Describe how capsaicin interacts specifically with TRPV1 channels, and what this means for perception of heat.
Capsaicin tricks the body into sensing heat by binding to TRPV1 channels on sensory neurons, which are normally activated by actual high temperatures. This activates heat and pain pathways, making spicy food feel “hot.” Capsaicin binds to TRPV1 receptor -> depolarization -> AP cause burning sensation Prolonged or repeated exposure to capsaicin can desensitize TRPV1 channels, reducing pain perception. This property is used in topical pain treatments (like capsaicin creams) for conditions like arthritis or neuropathic pain.
96
analgesia
reduction in pain in response to a normally painful stimulus. After repeated stimulation of TRPV1 by capsaicin: Desensitization of TRPV1 ,Depletion of Neurotransmitters
97
explain the actions of inflammatory chemicals such as bradykinin, prostaglandins, substance P, and prostanoids on pain perception at nociceptors
They lower the activation threshold of nociceptors. They contribute to both acute and chronic pain. They are key players in inflammatory pain and hyperalgesia.
98
Nociception vs pain
Nociception is the signal. Pain is how you feel the signal.
99
Nociceptors are
specilized sensory receptors that respond t potentially painful stimuli. free nerve endings
100
How can we tell different sensations apart?
differences in sensitivity and adaption rates
101
Which mechanoreceptors are slow vs fast adapting
Slow: Merkles, Ruffni Rapid: Meissners, Pacinian
102
white matter is for ____ and grey matter is for ________
communication and processing
103
Mechanoreceptors responding to force leads to...
movement of ions !
104
propriocetion
your body’s ability to sense its own position, movement, and force — basically, it’s how you know where your limbs are without looking.
105
what does anterior cingulate cortex do, what system is it part of?
controls emotional aspect of pain, limbic system
106
association area
aareas that dont inlude sensory or motor areas, intergrates info from multipule regions to support complex cognitive functions (prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex)

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