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Exam 3 > Exam 3 - Neurosensory/Respiration/Circulation/Perfusion/Elimination > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Neurosensory/Respiration/Circulation/Perfusion/Elimination Flashcards

1
Q

What is the substance in the lungs that keep air sacs inflated for effective respiration?

A

Surfactant

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2
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

Collapse of alveoli

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3
Q

What factors put infants at risk for repiratory problems?

A

1 - Lower airway structures immature = Rapid infection spread
2- Narrow airway = Easy obstruction
3- Immature CNS = abnormal breathing patterns/apnea
4- Immature immune
5- Place objects in mouth ~6mo = Choking

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4
Q

Respiration risks for toddlers?

A

1- URI due to tonsils and adenoids (Tonsillitis)
2- School exposes germs
3- Aspiration of small objects due to short/small airway
4- Drowning

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5
Q

Respiratory risks for preschool/school aged children?

A

1- Croup/ pneumonia
2- Asthma
3- Drug use

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6
Q

Respiratory risks in adolescents?

A

1- Drugs
2- Didn’t get flu vaccine
3- Exercise induced asthma

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7
Q

Respiration risks in Young/Middle/Older adults?

A

1-Drugs
2-Poor exercise
3-Life stressors
4- Decline of organs

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8
Q

Lung changes in older adults?

A

1- Reduced lung expansion and alveolar inflation
2- Difficulty expelling mucus/foreign material
3- Decreased ability to increase ventilation as diaphragm weakens (air trapping)
4- Decreased immune response
5-Gastroesophageal reflux disease
6- Slowed Chemoreceptors

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9
Q

Environmental factors that affect oxygenation?

A

Stress
Allergic reactions
Altitude
Temperature

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10
Q

`Stress can affect the resp system by?

A

1 Increased tendency to clot

2 Suppressed immune system

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11
Q

High altitudes can cause?

A

Hypoxemia
Hypoxia
Due to lower oxygen levels

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12
Q

During pregnancy oxygen demand?

A

Increases r/t increased metabolism and less room for diaphragm to move downward

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13
Q

Obesity (BMI >30) can cause what respiratory problems?

A

Respiratory Infections as the chest cannot fully expand and the lower lung lobes are poorly ventilated and cannot remove secretions

Sleep apnea as the chest and neck are heavy and cause obstruction

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14
Q

Main steam smoke?
vs
Sidestream Smoke?

A

Main= Directly from cigg and exhaled

Side= Released from tip to air

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15
Q

What does Tobacco do to the air way?

A

-Constricts Bronchioles
-Increases fluid secretions
-Inflammation/
swelling bronchial lining
-Paralyzes cilia

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16
Q

Cigarettes are the cause of __% lung cancers?

A

80%

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17
Q

Medications that cause respiratory depression?

A
  • General anesthetics
  • Opioids
  • Anti-anxiety
  • Sedative-hypnotics
  • NeuroMusc blocking agents
  • Magnesium sulfate
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18
Q

What med should you avoid in people with asthma?

A

Drugs that block Beta-2 adrenergic receptors (Lower BP)

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19
Q

Basic functions of the nervous system?

A 
Cognition
Emotion
Memory
Sensation
Perception
Regulation of homeostasis
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20
Q

What neurological screening test is used for young children?

A

Denver II

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21
Q

What does not change with normal aging?

A

Intelligence, Descriminiation, and Memory
-These are affected by adverse S/E meds, nutrition deficit, Cardiovascular changes, neurological disease, dehydration, alcohol, drugs, depression, diabetes.

22
Q

Cerebral Functioning?

A

Refers to clients intellectual and behavioral functioning

  • LOC
  • Orientation
  • Mental Status
  • Cognitive Functioning
  • Communication
23
Q

LOC

A

Arousal and Orientation

24
Q

Arousal is based on what 3 stimuli?

A

Auditory
Tactile
Painful

25
Q

How do you document LOC?

A

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

26
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale evaluates?

A

Eye Opening
Motor Responses
Verbal Responses

*Limitations - Relies heavily on vision and verbal responses and doesn’t evaluate brainstem reflexes.

27
Q

Other than GCS how can you describe LOC?

A

Alert- Follows commands
Lethargic - Drowsy, drifts off to sleep
Stuporous - Needs vigorous stimulation
Comatose - No response with verbal or painful stimuli

28
Q

Orientation x 3?

A

Time - Year, Date, Time
Place - Know surroundings
Person - Familiar with self and persons

29
Q

Mental status and cognitive function?

A

Behavior, appearance, response to stimuli, speech, memory, communication, and judegement

30
Q

Deep tendon reflexes (DTRs)

A

Automatic responses that do not require conscious thought from the brain.

31
Q

Sensory experience involves what 4 components?

A

Stimulus, Reception, Perception, Arousal Mechanism

32
Q

Stimulus examples?

A

Sight, Sound, Taste, Touch, Pain, anything that stimulates a nerve receptor.

33
Q

Reception is?

A

The process of receiving stimuli from nerve endings in the skin and body.

34
Q

Mechanoreceptors detect?

A

In skin and hair, detect touch, pressure, and vibration

35
Q

Hair Cells detect?

A

Hearing, equilibrium, balance, speed of the body, and position of the head.

36
Q

Thermoreceptors detect?

A

In skin detect variations in temperature

37
Q

Proprioceptors detect?

A

in skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules, detect position of our body in space.

38
Q

Photoreceptors detect?

A

In retina, detect visible light.

39
Q

Chemoreceptors detect?

A

In our taste buds, detect taste.

40
Q

Olfactory receptors detect?

A

In nasal cavity, detect smell.

41
Q

Perception is?

A

The ability to interpret the impulses transmitted from the receptors and give meaning to the stimuli.

42
Q

Perception of a stimulus is affected by?

A 
Past experiences
Knowledge
Attitude
Location
Number
Frequency
Changes in location, number, frequency
43
Q

What is the Reticular Activating System (RAS)?

A

Controls consciousness and alertness
Makes connections between spinal cord, cerebellum, thalamus, and cerebral cortex.
Relays visual, auditory, and others stimuli that keeps us awake, attentive, and observant.

44
Q

Response to stimuli is based on what factors?

A

intensity
Contrast (ex Temp)
Adaptation
Previous experience

45
Q

Sensory Deprivation is?

A

A state of RAS deprevation caused by a lack of meaningful stimuli causing remaining stimuli to be overly noticeable and distorted filling the “sensory gap.”

46
Q

Sensory Deprivation signs?

A 
Irritability
Confusion
Reduced attention span
Decreased problem solving ability
Drowsiness
Depression
Preoccupation with somatic complaints (heart palpitations)
Delusions
Hallucinations
47
Q

Sensory overload is?

A

When the sensory stimuli is higher than the sensory system can efficiently process.

48
Q

Signs of sensory overload?

A 
Irritability
Confusion
Reduced attention span
Decreased problem solving ability
Drowsiness (insomnia)
Muscle tension
Anxiety
Inability to concentrate
Decreased ability to perform tasks
Restlessness
Disorientation
49
Q

Xerostomia

A

Excessively dry mouth

50
Q

Anosmia

A

Loss of sense of smell

Exam 3 (2 decks)

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