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Pathology II (Elise) > Exam 3 Path II > Flashcards

Exam 3 Path II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 systems that the respiratory tract is divided into?

A
  1. Conducting system- containing goblet cells
  2. Transition system- bronchioles with clara cells and non-ciliated secretory cells
  3. Exchange system-alveoli lines with type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes
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2
Q

Which cells are more abundant in the exchange system of the respiratory system?

Type 1 or Type 2 pneumocytes

A

type 1

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3
Q

What type of pneumocyte is a simple squmous cells that is highly susceptible to injury?

A

type 1 pneumocyte

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4
Q

Which type of pneumocyte is cuboidal, produces surfactant, resillient to injury, and has the ability to multiply and replace type 1 pneumocytes?

A

type 2 pneumocytes

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5
Q

What organ system is involved in phonation, olfaction, temperature regulation, acid–base balance, blood pressure regulation and gas exchange?

A

respiratory

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6
Q

T/F: Mannhemimia haemolytica is only found underpathogenic situations in cattle

A

False.

Mannheimia haemolytica is both a potential pathogen and part of the normal flora

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7
Q

Which animals have intracascular macrophages (PIMs)? (name 4)

A

ruminants, cats, pigs, horses

they are within the lumen of alveolar capillaries and protect against blood-borne respiratory Dz

In dogs, humans and lab rodents, the responsibility of removing circulatory bacteri and other particles in blood is taken on by kuffer cells and splenic macrophages

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8
Q

What factors predispose animals to bacterial pneuonia?

A
  1. Viruses
  2. Stress
  3. Dehydration
  4. Pulmonary Edema (ie in Left CHF)
  5. Uremia
  6. Ammonia
  7. Immunosuppression
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9
Q

Ethmoidal hematomas are common in what species and age group?

A

old horses

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10
Q

What are 3 top DDx for epistasis in a horse?

A
  1. Ethmoidal hematoma - old horses
  2. Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage
  3. Guttural pouch mycosis
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11
Q

Young bovine. Name the disease and the etiology

A

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)

BHV-1

———————————-

MDx: Fibrinous rhinits

Characteristics: diptheric membrane (fibrinosuppurative exudate mixed with necrotic debri), hyperemia, hemorrage, erosion, ulceration

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12
Q

Which multifactoral disease in pigs is thought to be the result of a combined infection of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida types D and A?

A

Atrophic Rhinitis

———————————

  • See symettrical atrophy of nasal turbinates with lateral deviation of the septum
  • May lead to facial deformaties, congestion, exudate, secondary pulmonary infections
  • The toxigenic strains of P. multocida produce cytotoxins which inhibit osteoblastic activity and promote osteoclastic reabsorption of the nasal turbinates.
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13
Q

Which disease/etiology in swine produces a transient rhinitis in pigs 3-5 weeks of age that on histopathology produces cytomegly of nasal epithelium and glands containing basophilic intranuclear inclusions? This disease can also produce a fatal systemic infection in suckling pigs under 3 weeks of age

A

Inclusion Body Rhinitis

Porcine Cytomegalovirus (suid herpesvirus 2 [SHV-2])

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14
Q

Which two disease can clead to rhinotracheitis and conjunctivitis in kittens?

A
  • Feline herpesvirus 1 (Feline viral rhinotracheitis [FVR])
  • Feline calicivirus (also produces an ulcerative glossitis)

In immunocompromised animals it can lead to diffuse interstitial pneumonia (pic below) and secondary bacterial infections

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15
Q

Which aquatic protozoa produces a granulomatous rhinitis in dogs (and cattle)?

A

Rhinosporidium seeberi

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16
Q

What are the three diseases of the gutteral pouch that we are concerned of?

A
  1. Guttural pouch tympany- young horses- due to malformation in the Eustachian tube, resulting in the accumulation of air. may be asymptomatic to painful.
  2. Strangles (Streptococcus equi) - Suppurative Eustachitis with fistulation and lymphadenopahty, in chronic cases inspissated exudate and chondroids develop
  3. Gutteral pouch mycosis - due to close association with cranial nerves (7, 9, 10, 11, 12) and internal carotid artery , and the angioinvasive nature of the mycosis, infection can led to peripheral neuropathy and fatal nose bleeds
    • Apergillus fumigatus
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17
Q

Nasal neoplasia are usually _____

(malignant or benign)

A

malignant

————————————

Can lead to difficulties breathing, facial deformaties, nasal discharge and epistasis

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18
Q

If you have a3 y/o dog with a nasal tumor, is it more likely to be a carcinoma or a fibrosarcoma?

A

malignant fibrosarcomas

they are more common in young animals

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19
Q

Sheep. Etology? Disease?

A

Enzootic nasal carcinoma (or adenocarcinoma)
Etiology: Enzootic Nasal Tumor virus (ENTV, an ovine beta-retrovirus)

usually subclinical

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20
Q

Necrotic laryngitis (Calf diphtheria) is caused by what Secondary infection following trauma or viral infection (IBR).?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

—————————————
abundant cheesy exudate can lead to pneumonia

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

Laryngeal hemiplegia (paralysis) – “roaring” in horses is due to Atrophy of in left dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle following damage/neuropathy to what nerve?

A

LEFT recurretent laryngeal nerve

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23
Q

What disease can cause multifocal necrotizing hepatitis, ulcerative necrotising ruminitis, abortion, systemic disease in young calves and Ulcerative and necrotizing laryngo-tracheitis?

A

IBR

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24
Q

Which bacteria plays a primary role in multifactoral canine infectious tracheobronchitis (kennel cough)?

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica

CAV-2, CPIV-2 and to a lesser extend canine distemper virus and Mycoplasma spp., have predisposing roles.

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25
Q

Which disease in horses result in:

  • hypertrophy of external abdominal oblique
    muscles as a result of expiratory efforts= “heave line”
  • head and neck extended
  • nasal flaring
  • GOBLET CELL METAPLASIA in BRONCHIOLES with increase mucus production
  • Diffuse bronchoconstriction
A

Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO)

————————————————-

AKA Heaves, chronic bronchiolitis-emphysema
complex, “broken wind”, COPD

Etiology: allergen, commonly fungal spores in hay

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26
Q

These compose what barrier:

  • vascular endothelium
  • basement membrane of the endothelial cell
  • basement membrane of the type I pneumocyte
  • cytoplasm of the of the type I pneumocyte
A

Blood-Air Barrier

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27
Q

Epistaxis only occurs in what precent of horses affected with Exercise-induced pulomonary haemorrhage (EIPH)?

A

1-10%

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28
Q

In Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH), in what part of the lunge does haemorrhage typically occur?

A

dorso-caudal portions of the caudal lung lobes

Haemorrhage is Probably the result of marked elevations in arterial and capillary pressures during strenuous exercise

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29
Q

What is the most common cause of epistasis in cattle?

A

Pulmonary Abcessation

Due to vena cava thrombosis, valvular endocarditis –> septic thrombi

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30
Q

T/F: Pulmonary anthracosis can lead to significant pulmonary disease

A

False!

Pulmonary anthracosis has NO clinical significance

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31
Q

What has happened if the Pulmonary parenchyma appears dark-red and sunken with a fleshy consistency and the lung tissue does not float?

A

Atelectasis- Incomplete expansion of the lungs or portions of the lungs.

Congenital or acquired.

Acquired can be divided in compressive (caused by space-occupying lesions like hydrothorax, hemothorax, pleuritis), massive (pneumothorax) or obstructive (inflammation, edema).

32
Q

What is the cause of patchy pulmonary atelectasis in a calf that was stained yellow/green at birth?

A

aspiration of meconium and amniotic fluid

33
Q

Define Pulmonary Emphysema

A

“Permanent enlargement of air-spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls”

34
Q

What will rupture of a bullous emphysema lead to?

A

fatal pneumothorax

35
Q

Mdx?

A

Interstitial emphysema

36
Q

What three virsuses cause interstitial pneumonia in cattle?

A
  1. Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR): Caused by BoHV-1
  2. Para-influenza-3 virus (PI-3 virus)
  3. Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus (BRSV)
37
Q

Which two viruses in cattle cause a transient rhino-tracheitis and broncho interstitial pneumonia with the formation of eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions bodies and syncytial cells

A

Para-influenza-3 virus (PI-3 virus) and Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus (BRSV)

IBR produces intranuclear inclusion bodies

38
Q

Mdx? Dz? Possible etiologies?

A

Chronic suppurative bronchoneumonia

Bovine enzootic pneumonia

Etiology: begins with viruses Mycoplasmas, Chlamydophila, followed by
opportunistic bacteria such as Pasteurella multocida, Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Histophilus somni, Mannheimia haemolytica and E.coli.

Rich in neutrophila

Common sequels = Abscessation and bronchiectasis

39
Q

Abscessation and bronchiectasis are common sequels of what disease in cattle?

A

Mulifactoral Enzootic Pneumonia (Chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia,)

40
Q

Marbling appearance of the pulmonary parenchyma on cross-section (due to coagulation necrosis) and fibrinous bronchopneumonia are characteristic of what disease in cattle?

A

Pneumonic mannheimiosis (“shipping fever”)

Mannheimia haemolytica

——————————-

Most economically important respiratory disease of cattle in North America, particularly in feedlot cattle.

Coagulation necrosis due to toxins produced by M. haemolytica

Ddx for fibrinous pneumonia with NO marbling = Histophilus somni

41
Q

Bovine Lungs. Provide 2 Ddx

A
  • Histophilus somni & Mannheimia haemolytica*
  • ———————————*

Mannheimia haemolytica- marbling on cross -section

Histophilus somni- also produces TME, pneumonia, pleuritis, myocarditis, arthritis, abortion, abcessasion, vasculitis

42
Q

Which bacteria in feedlot cattle causes a chronic caseous necrotizing bronchopneumonia of the cranial central portion of the lungs and severe chronic fibrinous arthritis?

A

Mycoplasma bovis

43
Q

Cattle. Etiology? type of necrosis?

A

Mycoplasma bovis

Caseous Necrosis

44
Q

How may lesion os Mycobacterium bovis appear in deer and other wildlife?

A

Abcesses

instead of granulomatous lesion typically seen in humans, cattle and other animals

45
Q

Which bacteria produces a Multifocal granulomatous pneumonia in cattle?

A

M. bovis

(maybe M. tuberculosis)

46
Q

In what lung lobe are parasitic infections (such as Dictyocaulus and Metastrongylus spp.) commonly confined to?

A

Caudal lung lobes

47
Q

What are the names of the lungworms in each of the following species: cattle, horse, pig, sheep/goats?

A

Cattle: Dictyocaulus viviparus

Horse: Dictyocaulus arnfeldi

Sheep/goats: Dictyocaulus filaria

Pig: Metastrongylus spp.

  • ——————*
  • confined to the caudal lung lobes.*

Varies from interstitial pneumonia (larval migration) to chronic catarrhal bronchitis (intrabronchial adult parasites) to granulomatous pneumonia. Predisposition to secondary bacterial infections.

48
Q

In cattle, What Dz is characterized by the presence of edema, interstitial emphysema, hyaline membranes, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia and interstitial fibrosis with cellular infiltrates? What are the possible etiologies?

A

Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia (AIP) of cattle

  1. Bovine pulmonary edema & emphysema (“fog fever”)
  2. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis (hypersensitivity pneumonitis)
  3. Reinfection syndrome (hypersensitivity to Dictyocaulus sp or BRSV).
  4. Milk allergy: type I hypersensitivity in cows sensitized to their own milk casein and lactalbumin.
  5. Ingestion of moldy potatoes that contain 4-ipomeanol which are metabolized by mixed function oxydases in the lung (Clara cells) to a potent pneumotoxicant
49
Q

What disease has this pathogenesis:

L tryptophan present in the pasture is metabolized in the rumen to 3- methylindole → absorbed into the blood and carried to the lungs → metabolized by the mixed function oxidases of non-ciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells (“Clara” cells) into a highly pneumotoxic compound that causes extensive necrosis of bronchiolar epithelial cells and type I pneumocytes (diffuse alveolar damage).

A

Fog Fever- Bovine pulmonary edema & emphysema

Atypical Interstitial Pneumonias

50
Q

Which etiology causes Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP), lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP), non-suppurative encephalitis (Visna), lymphocytic arthritis, lymphofollicular mastitis and vasculitis in SHEEP?

A

Ovine Lentivirus - Maedi Visna

lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP) is caused by CAE virus in GOATS

Similar to cattle, PI-3 and RSV can produce an interstitial pneumonia in sheep

51
Q

What are the common etiology agents associated with Chronic enzootic pneumonia in sheep?

A

Mannheimia haemolytica

Pasteurella multocida

PI-3,

adenovirus

reovirus

RSV,
Chlamydophila

Mycoplasmas (mycoplasma ovipneumoniae).

52
Q

Septicemic pasteurellosis is caused by:

____ _____ in lambs under 3 months

____ ____ in lambs 5-12 months-old

A
  • *Mannheimia haemolytica (biotype A)** usually in lambs under 3 months.
  • *Bibersteinia (Pasteurella) trehalosi (biotype T**) usually in lambs 5 to 12 months-old.

Lesions: necrotizing pharyngitis and tonsilitis, septicemia with disseminated intravascular thrombosis and bacteremia. NO lung lesions

53
Q

Sheep. Mdx? Etiology?

A

Multifocal subpleural pneumonitis – Muellerius capillaris

———————————-

Verminous bronchitis isolated to the caudal lung lobes in sheep and goats is caused by Dictyocaulus filaria.

54
Q

What do transient viral pneumonias predispose horses to?

Ex. Equine viral rhinopneumonitis (EHV-1, EHV-
4), equine influenza, equine viral arteritis (EVA) virus and
equine adenovirus

A

secondary bacterial pneumonias (P. Multocida, Streptococcus spp., E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Rhodococcus equi)

“airway hyper-responsiveness” and Recurrent Airway Obstruction (chronic bronchiolitis-emphysema complex, “heaves”).

55
Q

Which equine virus leads to severely edematous lungs that histologically show vasculitits and multinucleated syncytial cells in the endothelium of small pulmonary blood vessels and alveolar capillaries?

A

Equine Morbillivirus (Hendra virus disease)

————————————————–

Emerging/Sporadic respiratory disease in Australlia

No inclusion bodies

Clinical signs are non-specific and include fever, anorexia, respiratory distress and nasal discharge

56
Q

Which opportunistic fungal organism can cause fatal pneumonia with foamy eosinophilic proteinaceous material within alveoli in animals with immunospuppression (SCIDs in arabians and jack russels, AIDs) or PRRs?

A

Pneumocytosis carinii = Pneumocystosis

57
Q

Which virus commonly causes an interstial pneumonia with basophilic or amphophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in arabian foals with SCIDs?

A

Adenovirus

58
Q

Which Facultative intracellular gram positive bacterium causes both pyogranulomatous pneumonia and enterocolitis/lymphadenitis with exstensive caseous necrosis in foals, that is unresponsive to routine broad-spectrum antibiotics?

A

Rhodococcus equi

Are able to survive within macrophages because they avoid phagocytosis by inducing defective phagosome-lysosome fusion

potentially zoonotic in immunocompromised individuals

59
Q

What is a common complication of samonellosis in horses that leads to a multifocal necro-hemorrhagic pneumonia?

A

embolic Aspergillus infection (Mycotic pneumonia)

——————————–

fungus gains access to portal circulation through ulcerative GI lesions that then become lodged into the lung capillary beds.

60
Q

What are the two most common viral interstitial pneumonias in pigs?

A

PRRS and PCV-2(aka PMWS)

————————————

Both can lead to infections with fungus Pneumocystis carinni

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS): characterized by late-term abortions, stillbirths and respiratory disease in young pigs (interstitial pneumonia)

Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS): Causes progressive emaciation in weaned pigs. The causative agent is PCV-2. May result in interstitial pneumonia.

——————————————-

Less common viruses:

Swine influenza

Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV): Sporadic cause of mild bronc hointerstitialpneumonia with necrotizing bronchiolitis.

61
Q

What is the main pathogen involved in PORCINE enzootic pneumonia?

A

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

——————————–

organism induces a suppurative or cattarrhal bronchopneumonia with BALT hyperplasia that is quite characteristic. Also induces a characteristic fish flesh appearance of lesions.

Low mortality (unless complicated), high morbidity/costs

62
Q

What is the etiology of a suppurative or cattarrhal bronchopneumonia with BALT hyperplasia and “fish flesh” appearance in pigs?

A

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

main causative agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia

lesions located in the cranial-ventral portions of the lungs

63
Q

Young Pig. Dz? Etiology?

A

Glasser’s disease (Haemophilus parasuis)

produces a fibrinous pleuritis and pneumonia

64
Q

Pig with fibrinous necrotising bronchopneumonia characterized by hemorrhage, coagulative necrosis and thrombosis (creating a marbling appearance) isolated in the middle and caudal lung lobes.

Dz? Etiology?

A
  • *Porcine Contagious Pleuropneumonia
  • Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae***

**** KNOW THIS- only one in this region of lungs****

65
Q

What are the most common causes of infectious and non-infectious pneumonias in dogs and cats?

A
  • Infectious:
    • Canine disteper
    • Kennel Cough (infectious tracheobronchitis)
  • non-infectious:
    • Uremia
    • paraquat toxicity
66
Q

What kind of pneumonia is usually unilateral in the upper right lung lobe in dogs/cats?

A

Aspiration pneumonia

Can become complicated

More severe in carnivores >herbivores due to increase acidity of GI contents

67
Q

What type of pneumonia would most likely cause this?

A

Granulomatous/Mycotic Pneumonia

Etiology: Blastomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Cryptococcus, Coccidioides etc.

68
Q

Edx?

A

Uremic pneumonitis

——————————————

Von Cossa stain revealed widespread calcification

69
Q

What is the most common etiology of parasitic pneumonia in cats?

A
  • Aelurostrongylus abstrusus*
  • ————————————-*

Snails and slugs are the intermediate hosts.

70
Q

T/F: Pulmonary neoplasia are mostly metastatic in origin

A

TRUE

If there is a primary tumor, it is usually malignant

Neoplasia is more common in dogs and cats > large animals

71
Q

Mature Sheep. Mdx? Etiology?

A

Ovine pulmonary carcinoma (pulmonary adenomatosis).

Caused by transmissible retrovirus

grossly resembles suppurative pneumonia HOWEVER microscopically you will see neoplastic proliferation of bronchial epithelium

72
Q

What is a common cause of pyothorax in cats?

A

Ruptured abcess

Pasteurella Multocida

73
Q

Cat. What is on the pleural surface?

A

“sulfur granules”

nocardiosis (Nocardia asteroides)

74
Q

What important pathogen in rabbits causes a fibrinosuppurative pleuropneumonia, rhinitis (snuffles), abscesses, repro tract infections, ear infections and septicemia?

A

Pasteurellosis- P. multocida

MOST COMMON DISEASE IN RABBITS

75
Q

What is a common cause of granulomatous airsacculitis and pneumonia in birds?

A

Aspergillus spp. -or- Mycobacterium avium

Pathology II (Elise) (4 decks)

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