Exam 3: Patient Skills

Question 1

What is the general cycle of infection

Answer 1

Pathogen -> Reservoir -> exit portal -> means of transmission -> entry portal -> susceptible host -> continuous cycle back to pathogen

Question 2

In the cycle of infection, what are the types of infectious agents

Answer 2

bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses

Question 3

In the cycle of infection, what are the types of reservoirs

Answer 3

Humans, animals, insects, formites, blood/body fluids

Question 4

In the cycle of infection, what are the different portals of exit

Answer 4

Nose, mouth, mucous membranes, specimen collection

Question 5

How should we “break the link” in formites reservoir

Answer 5

disinfect and hand hygiene

Question 6

How should we “break the link” in the portals of exit

Answer 6

Hand hygiene, standard precautions, sealed waste products and specimen containers

Question 7

In the cycle of infection, what are the different means of transmission

Answer 7

droplet, airborne, contact, vector, vehicle

Question 8

How should we “break the link” in means of transmission

Answer 8

hand hygiene, standard precautions, PPE, patient, isolation

Question 9

In the cycle of infection, what are the different types of portal of entry

Answer 9

nose, mouth, mucous membranes, skin, unsterile equipment

Question 10

How should we “break the link” in the different portals of entry

Answer 10

hand hygiene, standard precautions, PPE, and sterile equipment

Question 11

In the cycle of infection, what are the different types of susceptible hosts

Answer 11

patients, elderly, newborns, immunocompromised, healthcare workers

Question 12

How should we “break the link” in the different types of susceptible hosts

Answer 12

immunizations, patient isolation, nursery precautions, and healthy lifestyle

Question 13

What term can be defined as bacteria and viruses that are the most frequently encountered by U.S. healthcare workers

Answer 13

infectious agents

Question 14

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions are considered types of _____ _____

Answer 14

infectious agents

Question 15

What does MDROs stand for

Answer 15

multi-drug resistant organism

Question 16

True or False:

MDROs are not a factor in developing infections

Answer 16

false

Question 17

What are MDROs?

Answer 17

organisms, typically bacteria, that have developed resistance to one or more antibiotic

Question 18

What is an example of an MDRO

Answer 18

methicillin-resistance S. aureus (MRSA)

Question 19

_____ and ____ are the most common pathogen sources in the US healthcare settings

Answer 19

people and objects

Question 20

Give some examples of human pathogen reservoirs

Answer 20

healthcare personnel, patients, family members, visitors

Question 21

True or False

a pathogen reservoir may not show signs of disease but may be a carrier or the disease may be in its incubation period

Answer 21

true

Question 22

Give some examples of object pathogen reservoirs

Answer 22

Handshakes, door handles, skin, clothing, hair, jewelry, artificial/own nails

Question 23

What is a reservoir visitor

Answer 23

a potential source of pathogens

Question 24

Visitors with droplet contamination must wear a ___ and restrict activity ______ the room

Answer 24

mask, outside

Question 25

____ direct patient contact if you, the healthcare personnel, has a respiratory infection. If direct contact with patients cannot be avoided, wear a _____

Answer 25

avoid, mask

Question 26

What are examples of portals of exit

Answer 26

Bodily secretions, bodily excretions, openings in the skin

Question 27

Infection can happen through means of transmission via contact. What are the two types of contact

Answer 27

direct and indirect

Question 28

(Direct/indirect) contact is person to person transfer of pathogens

Answer 28

direct

Question 29

(Direct/indirect) contact is person to object to person transfer of pathogens

Answer 29

Indirect

Question 30

Direct contact with a patient's blood can allow _____ pathogens to enter the clinicians system through even a small opening in the skin

Answer 30

bloodborne

Question 31

(direct/indirect) contact involves an intermediate step

Answer 31

indirect

Question 32

clinical attire can provide ___ contact transmission

Answer 32

indirect

Question 33

In regards of means of transmission and clinical attire, pay special attention to ___ ____ and long ____

Answer 33

lab coats; neckties

Question 34

What term describes a large pathogenic particle coming in contact with the host's conjunctivae or mucous membranes

Answer 34

droplet

Question 35

Droplets are often generated by coughing, talking, or ______ by certain medical procedures such as suctioning

Answer 35

sneezing

Question 36

Most droplets travel a maximum of ____ feet

Answer 36

three

Question 37

True or False: Because of size, droplets remain suspended in the air

Answer 37

false, they do not

Question 38

What term describes small pathogenic particles that remain suspended in the air for longer periods of time and are inhaled by or deposited on the host

Answer 38

airborne

Question 39

True or False: Airborne particles remain suspended in the air

Answer 39

true

Question 40

What are the most common portals of entry

Answer 40

mucous membranes that are more permeable and openings in the skin

Question 41

Openings in the skin is one of the most common portals of entry. Give examples of different openings in the skin

Answer 41

cuts, incisions, open wounds, torn cuticles, scrapes, and open sores

Question 42

What are four factors that can increase susceptibility of getting an infection

Answer 42

existing disease processes weakened immune system medical interventions near the end of life

Question 43

_____ _____ is the attempt to prevent the spread of infection by separating susceptible hosts from sources of pathogens

Answer 43

isolation precautions

Question 44

What are the two types of isolation precautions

Answer 44

standard precautions and transmission based precautions

Question 45

_____ precautions assume that open skin, mucous membranes, and all body fluids expect sweat are potential sources of infection

Answer 45

standard

Question 46

True or False: Standard precautions states that sweat is not a potential source of infection

Answer 46

true

Question 47

_________ precautions are based on the mode of transmission of known or suspected pathogens

Answer 47

transmisison-based

Question 48

What are the types of standard precautions

Answer 48

hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, barriers (PPE), sharps disposal

Question 49

Standard precautions of infection includes hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, barriers, and sharps disposal. What are examples of different barriers

Answer 49

PPE: gloves, gown, mask, eye protection, CPR mouthpiece

Question 50

Standard precautions apply to the care of ____ patients in ____ healthcare settings

Answer 50

all; all

Question 51

Sanitizer/Hand rub and antimicrobial soap and water are types of ___ ____ of standard precautions

Answer 51

hand hygiene

Question 52

Which type of hand hygiene is preferred in most clinical situations

Answer 52

sanitizer or hand rub

Question 53

To properly use sanitizer or hand rub, remove ____ and cover all surfaces of hands. Rub dry ___ seconds. Do NOT rinse

Answer 53

jewelry; 15

Question 54

When should antimicrobial soap and water be used as a hand hygiene stand precuation

Answer 54

when hands are visibly dirty, with enteric infections such as C. diff, or after multiple applications of sanitizer or hand rub

Question 55

To properly use antimicrobial soap and water, wash ___ - ___ seconds ( ___ seconds after contact with known infectious material) using soap and warm water.

Answer 55

15-60; 60

Question 56

When washing hands with antimicrobial soap and water, should you use cold or warm water

Answer 56

warm

Question 57

Cough etiquette relates to what type of hygiene

Answer 57

respiratory

Question 58

In most patient care activities, PPE includes what 4 things?

Answer 58

gloves, gowns, face masks, eye coverings

Question 59

Any instrument capable of puncturing the skin must be discarded in a ____ container

Answer 59

sharps

Question 60

In regards to airborne precautions and standard precautions, patients must be placed in a (positive/negative) air flow room, and door must remain (open/closed)

Answer 60

negative; closed