Exam 3/Practicum 1 Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
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Cell
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Structural and functional unit of life
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Plasma membrane consists of
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Membrane lipids that form a flexible lipid bilayer
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Lipid bilayer is made up of
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75% phospholipids 5% glycolipids 20% cholesterol
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Phospholipids consists of two parts
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Phosphate heads: are polar (charged), so are hydrophilic (water-loving) Fatty acid tails: are nonpolar (no charge), so are hydrophobic (water-hating)
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Glycolipids
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Lipids with sugar groups on outer membrane surface
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Cholesterol
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Increases membrane stability
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Membrane proteins
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Allow cell communication with environment
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Integral proteins
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Function as transport proteins (channels and carriers), enzymes, or receptors
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Peripheral proteins
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Enzymes and cell-to-cell connections
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Membrane protein tasks
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Transport, receptors for signal transduction, attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix, enzymatic activity, intercellular joining, cell to cell recognition
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Transport
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receptors for signal transduction
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Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
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Enzymatic activity
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Intercellular joining
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Cell to cell recognition
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Tight junction
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Protective layer - Keeps out bacteria and other things that are unwanted in the cell
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Desmosomes
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Allows flexibility (give) and hold it together
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Gap junctions
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Allow for rapid communication
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Diffusion
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Area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
Energy not required
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Speed of diffusion
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Size (small) and temperature (high)
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Diffusion
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The nonpolar, hydrophobic lipid core of plasma membrane blocks diffusion of most molecules
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Simple diffusion
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Nonpolar lipid-soluble (hydrophobic) substances diffuse directly through phospholipid bilayer
Examples: oxygen, carbon dioxide, fat-soluble vitamins
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Facilitated diffusion
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transported passively down their concentration gradient by:
Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion
Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion
Substances move through water-filled channels
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Osmosis
Diffusion of a solvent, such as water, across a selectively permeable membrane
Water moves by osmosis from areas of low solute (high water) concentration to high areas of solute (low water) concentration
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Hydrostatic pressure
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Osmotic pressure
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Tonicity
Ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering the cells’ internal water volume
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Isotonic solution
Same osmolarity as inside the cell, so volume remains unchanged
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Hypertonic solution
Higher osmolarity than inside cell, so water flows out of cell, resulting in cell shrinking
Shrinking is referred to as crenation
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Hypotonic solution
Lower osmolarity than inside cell, so water flows into cell, resulting in cell swelling
Can lead to cell bursting, referred to as lysing
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Active Transport
Requires carrier proteins (solute pumps)
Moves solutes against their concentration gradient (from low to high)
This requires energy (ATP)
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Two types of active transport
Primary active transport
Required energy comes directly from ATP hydrolysis
Secondary active transport
Required energy is obtained indirectly from ionic gradients created by primary active transport
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Sodium-potassium pump
Potassium in (high) - negative charge inside
Sodium out (high)
Pumps where it's already highly concentrated
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Phagocytosis
Cell eating
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Pinocytosis
Cell drinking
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Voltage
Difference in electrical charge between two points
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Resting membrane potential (RMP)
Electrical potential energy produced by separation of oppositely charged particles across plasma membrane in all cells
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Compartmentalization
Separation
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Mitochondria
“Power plant” of cells because they produce most of cell’s energy molecules (ATP)
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Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
Made up of protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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Free ribosomes
Free floating
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Membrane-bound ribosomes
Attached to membrane of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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Rough ER
Site of synthesis of proteins that will be secreted from cell
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Smooth ER
Lipid metabolism
Absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats
Detoxification of certain chemicals
Converting of glycogen to free glucose
Storage and release of calcium
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Golgi Apparatus
Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids received from rough ER
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Peroxisomes
Detoxifying
Two main detoxifiers: oxidase and catalase
Play a role in breakdown and synthesis of fatty acids
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Lysosomes
Digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases)
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Centrosome
Cell center
Generates microtubules; organizes mitotic spindle (for cell division or mitosis)
Consisting of centrioles — microtubular (churros)
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Cilia
Whiplike, motile extensions on surfaces of certain cells
Thousands of cilia work together in sweeping motion to move substances (example: mucus) across cell surfaces in one direction
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Flagella
Longer extensions that propel the whole cell
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Microvilli
fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane used to increase surface area for absorption
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Chromatin
Consists of 30% threadlike strands of DNA, 60% histone proteins, and 10% RNA
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Chromosomes
Condensed chromatin
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Interphase
Cell grows and carries on its usual activities
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Cell division
Cell splits into two
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S Phase - Synthesis
Replicate DNA
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DNA replication
RNA starts replication by laying down short strand that acts as a primer
DNA polymerase attaches to primer and begins adding nucleotides to form new strand
End result: two identical “daughter” DNA molecules are formed from the original
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Semiconservative replication
Each new double-stranded DNA is composed of one old strand and one new strand
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M Phase - Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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Prophase
Early prophase: chromosomes become visible and centrosomes separate and migrate toward opposite poles, mitotic spindles and asters form
Late prophase: nuclear envelope breaks up
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Metaphase
Chromosomes are lined up at cell’s equator
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Anaphase
Chromosomes split
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Telophase
Cell starts to split
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Cytokinesis
Two daughter cells PINCHED apart
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Nitrogen bases
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine
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RNA
“go-between” molecule that links DNA to proteins
RNA copies the DNA code in nucleus, then carries it into cytoplasm to ribosomes
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Three types of RNA:
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Code is copied with complementary base pairs - transcription
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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Structural component of ribosomes
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Transfer RNA (tRNAs)
Carrier of amino acids - Translation
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Transcription
DNA information coded in mRNA
Transferring code held in DNA gene base sequence to complementary base sequence of mRNA
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Translation
mRNA decoded to assemble polypeptides
Step of protein synthesis where the language of nucleic acids (base sequence) is translated into the language of proteins (amino acid sequence)
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Complimentary Base Pairs
A-U
G-C
Comes in triplets then turns into codons in mRNA
AUG is start codon – beginning in mRNA
UAC is start anticodon - beginning in tRNA
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Tissues
Groups of cells similar in structure that perform common or related function
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Histology
Study of tissues
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Four basic tissue types:
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue
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Polarity
Top and bottom
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Apical surface
Upper free side, is exposed to surface or cavity
Some have specialized projections called microvilli
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Basal surface
Lower attached side, faces inwards toward body
Attaches to basal lamina, an adhesive sheet that holds basal surface of epithelial cells to underlying cells
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Epithelial Tissues
No blood vessels, supplied by nerve vessels
Covering a surface or lines the vessel of an inner tube
high regenerative capacities
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Simple epithelia
Single layer
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Stratified epithelia
Two or more layers
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Squamous
Flattened and scale-like
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Cuboidal
Box-like, cube
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Columnar
Tall, column-like
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Apical layer
Top, free edge
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Gland
One or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion
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Endocrine
Internally secreting (example: hormones)
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Exocrine
Externally secreting (example: sweat)
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Endocrine glands
Ductless glands
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Unicellular exocrine glands
Mucous cells and goblet cells
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Connective tissue
Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
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All connective tissues have three main elements
Ground substance
Fibers
Cells
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Extracellular matrix
Ground substance
Fibers
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Connective tissue fibers
Collagen – thick purple
Elastic – medium red
Reticular – small blue
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“Blast” cells
Immature form of cell that actively secretes ground substance and ECM fibers
Fibroblasts found in connective tissue proper
Chondroblasts found in cartilage
Osteoblasts found in bone
Hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
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Fat cells
Store nutrients
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White blood cells
Neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes
Tissue response to injury
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Mast cells
Initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms they detect
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Macrophages
Phagocytic cells that “eat” dead cells, microorganisms; function in immune system
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Four main classes of connective tissue:
Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
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Covering and Lining Membranes
Composed of an epithelium bound to underlying connective tissue proper layer
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Three types of membranes
Cutaneous membranes
Mucous membranes
Serous membranes
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Repair can occur in two major ways:
Regeneration and Fibrosis
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Regeneration
Same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue, so original function is restored
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Fibrosis
Connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue, and original function lost
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Frontal, Median, Transverse planes
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Prophase
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Metaphase
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Anaphase
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Telophase
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Four Basic Tissue Types and Basic Functions
Epithelial tissue – covering
Connective tissue – support
Muscle tissue – movement
Nervous tissue – control
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
Location: alveoli of lung
Function: diffusion and filtration
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Location: kidney tubules
Function: secretion and absorption
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Simple Columnar Ephithelium
Location: digestive tract
Function: secretion of mucous/absorption
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Location: trachea
Function: produces and moves mucous
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Stratified squamous epithelium
Location: epidermis of skin
Function: protects from abrasion
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Transitional epithelium
Location: urinary Bladder
Function: stretches
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Arreolar
Location: under epithelial tissue throughout body
Function: wraps and cushions organs
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Adipose (fat – lipid)
Location: fat
Function: energy storage, insulation, and protection
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Dense Regular
Location: tendons
Function: connects muscle to bone
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Elastic
Location: aorta
Function: recoils if stretched
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Three types of cartilage:
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
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Hyaline cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Most abundant; “gristle”
Appears as shiny bluish glass
Found at tips of long bones, nose, trachea, larynx, and cartilage of the ribs
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Elastic cartilage
Similar to hyaline but with more elastic fibers
Found in ears and epiglottis
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Fibrocartilage
Properties between hyaline and dense regular tissue
Strong, so found in areas such as intervertebral discs and knee
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Firbocartilage
Location: intervertebral discs
Function: shock absorber
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Bones
Location: bones
Function: supports, protects, allows movement by muscle
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Blood
Location: blood vessel
Function: transports gases and nutrients
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Skeletal Muscle
Location: skeletal muscles
Function: voluntary movement
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Cardiac Muscle
Location: heart
Function: pumps blood
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Smooth Muscle
Location: hollow organs
Function: involuntary movement of substances
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