Exam 3 Review Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
Process that results in a decrease in glycogen levels
A
Glycogenolysis
2
Q
Process of glyconeogenesis is the exact opposite of ___
A
Glycolysis
3
Q
When energy input exceeds energy output, the body is in a state of ___ energy balance
A
Positive
4
Q
In which state do most cells metabolize proteins and fats?
A
Post-absorptive
5
Q
Which hormone causes the body to transition to the absorptive state?
A
Insulin
6
Q
A person with damaged alpha cells will most likely have which condition?
A
Hypoglycemia
7
Q
Hormone that decreases glycogenolysis
A
Insulin
8
Q
Increasing insulin levels will ___ urine output
A
Decrease
9
Q
An overdose of insulin may result in which condition?
A
Hypoglycemic coma
10
Q
Smooth muscle will be controlled by the brain through ___ fibers
A
Efferent
11
Q
Cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system are called ___
A
Ganglia
12
Q
Which type of glial cells produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
A
Ependymal cells
13
Q
___ ion has more “leak” channels
A
K+
14
Q
As the membrane potential approaches the equilibrium potential for an ion, the current gets:
A
Smaller
15
Q
A post-synaptic potential that moves the membrane potential farther from threshold would ___
A
Hyperpolarization
16
Q
Temporal summation involves ___ pre-synaptic input
A
1
17
Q
during the falling phase of an action potential, the membrane potential moves toward ___
A
Ek
18
Q
At rest, the activation gate for most voltage-gated Na+ channels is:
A
Closed
19
Q
During the absolute refractory period, all voltage-gated Na+ channels are ___
A
Already open OR inactivated
20
Q
A larger stimulus will result in ___ action potentials
A
More frequent
*action potentials are all exact same size
21
Q
Chemical synapses are ___ meaning one direction
A
Unidirectional
22
Q
Ion that is directly responsible for neurotransmitter release at a synapse
A
Ca++
23
Q
Binding of acetylcholine to nicotine receptors will produce __
A
EPSP
24
Q
Type of receptors that are blocked by atropine
A
Muscarinic
25
Language understanding begins in ___ area
Wernicke’s
26
Increasing the # of AMPA receptors will make the cell more permeable to ___
Na+
27
This might be a typical response to ___:
- change in membrane potential from -70 to -90
Glycine
28
GABA receptors are permeable to ___
Cl-
29
Process in which new glucose molecules are synthesized (created) from proteins and fat; carried out by liver
Gluconeogenesis
30
Amount of energy (heat + work) released per unit time
Metabolic rate
31
Metabolic rate is influenced by ___ (5 things)
- muscular activity
- age
- gender
- body surface area
- environmental temperature
32
Type of work involving the formation of chemical bonds (anabolism)
Chemical work
33
Type of work involving movement of molecules across membranes (active transport, endo/exocytosis)
Transport work
34
Metabolic rate of a person who is awake, lying down, physically/ mentally relaxed, and fasted for 12 hours; roughly equal to rate of oxygen consumption
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
35
Energy input - energy output = energy ___
stored
36
Work performed + heat released = energy ___
Output
37
Energy input > energy output is a ___ energy balance
Positive
38
Energy input < energy output is a ___ energy balance
Negative
39
3-4 hours following a meal, positive energy balance, energy stored
Absorptive state
40
B/w meals, negative energy balance, energy mobilized; glucose sparing
Post-absorptive state
41
Cells that store fat (triglycerides); 20-30% body weight (normal); 75-80% total energy reserves
Adipocytes/ adipose tissue
42
Transitions b/w absorptive and post absorptive states are regulated by ___ (3 things)
Insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine
43
Lowers blood sugar; synthesis of energy storage molecules, anabolic hormone
Insulin
44
Insulin’s release is ___ during absorptive state
Increased
45
Insulin’s release is ___ during post absorptive state
Decreased
46
Insulin is produced by __ cells in islets of Langerhans pancreas
Beta
47
Antagonist to insulin; catabolic hormone
Glucagon
48
Glucagon’s release is ___ during absorptive state
Decreased
49
Glucagon’s release is ___ during post absorptive state
Increased
50
Glucagon is produced by ___ cells in pancreatic islets of Langerhans
Alpha
51
Fasting blood glucose > 140 mg/dL, indicative of diabetes mellitus
Hyperglycemia
52
Fasting blood glucose < 60 mg/dL, bad for CNS
Hypoglycemia
53
Sympathetic nervous system product; adrenaline, suppresses insulin and stimulates glucagon; primarily important during stress reactions, energy for fight/flight
Epinephrine
54
Epinephrine promotes what absorptive process?
Post-absorptive
55
Diabetes that is insulin-dependent; juvenile onset 5-10%
Type 1
56
Diabetes that is insulin-dependent, adult onset 90-95%
Type 2
57
Acute effects of diabetes (3 things)
Ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar (non-ketonic) coma, and hypoglycemia coma
58
Decrease in blood pH due to buildup of acidic ketones; direct result of hyperglycemia
Ketoacidosis
59
Hyperglycemia causes ___ urine output
Increased
60
Coma caused by extreme hyperglycemia leading to increased blood osmolarity
Hyperosmolar (non-ketonic) coma
61
Coma caused by accidental insulin overdoes as part of diabetes treatment
Hypoglycemia coma
62
Signals AWAY from brain
Efferent
63
Voluntary efferent signals, motor neurons to skeletal muscle are ___
Somatic
64
Involuntary efferent signals are ___
Autonomic
65
Autonomic efferent signals; neurons to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands are ___
Sympathetic
66
Autonomic efferent signals; enteric nervous system (neurons to GI tract) are ___
Parasympathetic
67
Signals TO brain
Afferents
68
Afferent signals (skin, muscles, joint-pain) are ___ senses
Somatic
69
Afferent signals (hearing, vision, equilibrium, smell, taste) are ___ senses
Special
70
Afferent signals (internal- stomach fullness, blood pressure, pH) are ___ senses
Visceral
71
3 types of neurons
Afferents, interneurons, and efferents
72
Cell bodies grouped in nuclei; axons grouped in bundles or comissures
CNS
73
Cell bodies grouped in ganglia; axons grouped together in nerves
PNS
74
Type of glial cell:
- development
- maintenance of extra cellular environment
Astrocytes
75
Type of glial cell:
- lining of ventricles
Ependymal
76
Type of glial cell:
- immune response
Microglia
77
Type of glial cell:
- myelin for CNS
Oligodendrocytes
78
Type of glial cell:
- myelin for PNS
Schwann cells
79
___ mV is the resting membrane potential of most cells
-70
80
2 things that determine the resting membrane potential
Concentration gradients and relative permeability
81
Most permeable ion under resting conditions
K+
82
Actual movement of ions across membrane
Ionic current
83
Small electrical signals (above threshold); all are EXACT same size, doesn’t increase with distance traveled
Action potentials
84
Depolarization that brings the post-synaptic cell closer to threshold
Excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP)
85
Hyperpolarization that pushes post-synaptic potential further from threshold
Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)
86
In ___ summation, one cell stimulates another cell twice before the first response has had a chance to die down, two or more sub-threshold stimuli add up to allow post-synaptic cell to reach threshold
Temporal
87
In ___ summation, two or more cells send simultaneous sub-threshold stimuli to a cell that add up to get the post-synaptic cell above threshold
Spatial
88
What phase:
- action potential phase in which Na+ channel activation gates open
Phase 1
89
What phase:
- action potential phase in which Na+ channel inactivation closes, and K+ channel activation gates open
Phase 2
90
What phase:
- action potential phase in which K+ channel activation gates close
(Na+ channel inactivation gates open, and Na+ channel activation gates close)
Phase 3
91
Period of time following action potential in which no stimulus of any strength can generate another action potential
Absolute refractory period
92
Period of time following action potential in which another action potential can be generated, but a much stronger stimulus must be used
Relative refractory period
93
Gap junctions, ions and second messengers flow directly from one cell to another, can be bidirectional, and act to synchronize electrical activity
Electrical synapses
94
Sends chemicals (neurotransmitters) across synaptic cleft, unidirectional
Chemical synapses
95
Type of postsynaptic response that is mediated by channel-linked receptors; fast
Ionotropic
96
Type of postsynaptic response that is mediated by G protein coupled receptors
Metabotropic
97
Synapses in which PSP is depolarizing, brings membrane potential closer to AP threshold
Excitatory synapses
98
Synapses in which PSP bring membrane potential away from AP threshold
Inhibitory synapses
99
Process by which cells become more efferent at communication via synaptic transmission
Long-term potentation (LTP)
100
Memory of simple skills, how to do things
nondeclarative (implicit)
101
Memory of things that can be verbalized
Declarative (explicit)
102
Brain waves collected by external electrodes on scalp
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
103
Involves slow, poorly articulated speech; no impairment in understanding, controls motor aspects of speech
Brocha’s aphasia
104
Involves production of rapid speech w/ no meaning, language (spoken and written) comprehension is destroyed; controls understanding of words
Wernicke’s aphasia
105
Process that results in a decrease in glycogen levels
Glycogenolysis
106
Process of gluconeogenesis is exact opposite of ___
Glycolysis
107
When energy input exceeds energy output, the body is in state of __ energy balance
Positive
108
State when most cells metabolize proteins and fats
Post-absorptive
109
Hormone that causes body to transition to absorptive state
Insulin
110
Inhibitory synapses in PNS use ___ ion
Cl-
111
Molecules that results in longer-lasting neurotransmitter release during LTP
Nitric oxide
112
Type of memory that is NOT usually affected in amnesia patients
Nondeclarative
113
__ is an adenosine receptor antagonist
Caffeine
114
Word understanding is controlled by __ area of the brain
Wernicke’s
