Exam #3 Review Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
first-wave feminism
A
women’s suffrage movement in Europe and the US, women get the right to vote in 1918
2
Q
second-wave feminism
A
broadening the topics of gender equality, sexuality, family, and the workplace
3
Q
sexual dimorphism
A
marked differences in male and female biology besides the primary and secondary sexual features
4
Q
gender types
A
male, female, and others
5
Q
sexual orientation
A
a person’s habitual sexual attractions and activities
6
Q
gender roles
A
tasks and activities that a culture assigns to each sex
7
Q
gender stereotypes
A
oversimplified, strongly held ideas of the characteristics of men and women
8
Q
gender stratification
A
unequal distribution of rewards between men and women, reflecting different positions in a social hierarchy
9
Q
generally male activities
A
hunting large animals, metalworking, lumbering, building boats, mining and quarrying
10
Q
swing (male or female) activities
A
making fire, body mutilation, preparing skins, planting crops, harvesting, milking, loom weaving, making pottery
11
Q
A
11
Q
generally female activities
A
gathering, making drinks, gathering, spinning, laundry, cooking
12
Q
domestic-public dichotomy
A
strong differentiation between home and the outside world
13
Q
matrilineal descent
A
descent traced through women
14
Q
matrilocality
A
residence after marriage is with the wife’s family
15
Q
patrilineal-patrilocal complex
A
male supremacy is based on patrilineality, patrilocality, and possibly warfare
16
Q
nuclear family
A
parents and children who live together in the same household
17
Q
extended family
A
three or more generation who live in the same household
18
Q
descent groups
A
groups based on belief in a shared ancestry
19
Q
family of orientation
A
the family in which you are born and grow up in
20
Q
family of procreation
A
formed when one marries and has children
21
Q
neolocality
A
living situation in which a couple establishes a new household
22
Q
expanded family household
A
a household with a group of relatives other than or in addition to a married couple and their children
23
Q
blended family
A
at least one parent has children that are not biologically or adoptive related to the other spouse or partner
24
lineage
unilineal descent group based on demonstrated descent
25
clan
descent group that claims common descent from an apical ancestor but cannot demonstrate it - stipulated descent
26
ambilineal descent
people choose the descent group to which they belong
27
kinship calculation
how people in a society reckon their kin relationships
28
kin terms
specific words used for different relatives in a particular language and system of kinship calculation
29
bilateral kinship
kin links through males and females are perceived as similar or equivalent
30
matrilineal skewing
preference for relatives on the mother's side
31
lineal relatives
direct ancestors or descendants
32
collateral relatives
all other kin, including siblings, nieces, nephews, aunts, uncles, and cousins
33
affinals
related by marriage
34
bifurcate merging kinship terminology
splits the mother's side from the father's side, but also merges the same-sex siblings of each parent (ex: mother's sister is also mother)
35
generational terminology
uses the same terms for parents and their same-sex siblings, but merging is more complete
36
bifurcate collateral terminology
separate terms are used for each of six kin types of the parental generation
37
rights established by marriage
- establishing legal parentage
- giving a monopoly on the sexuality of the other
- giving rights to the labor and property of the other
- establishing a joint fund of property
- establishing a socially significant "relationship of affinity" between spouses and their relatives
38
exogamy
the practice of seeking a spouse outside of one's own group
39
incest
sexual relations with a close relative
40
endogamy
marriage of people from the same group
41
dowry
marital exchange in which the wife's group provides substantial gifts to the husband's family
42
lobola
substantial marital gift from a husband and his kin to the wife and her kin
43
sororate
husband may marry the wife's sister if his wife dies
44
levirate
right to marry the husband's brother if the husband dies
45
polygamy
being married to more than one person at the same time
46
polygyny
a man has more than one wife
47
polyandry
a woman has more than one husband
48
polyamory
multiple romantic partners
49
food production
plant cultivation
50
adaptive strategy
a group's main system of economic production - a way of making a living
51
adaptive strategies based on food production
- horticulture
- agriculture
- pastoralism
52
horticulture
nonindustrial plant cultivation with fallowing, non-permanent, non-intensive, simple tools
53
agriculture
cultivation using land and labor continuously and intensively, needs water source, exhausts the land quickly
54
pastoralism
herders whose activities focus on such domesticated animals as cattle, sheep, goats, camels, and yaks
55
economy
system for production, distribution, and consumption of resources
56
mode of production
way of organizing production
57
production in nonindustrial societies
division of economic labor - tasks vary by age and sex in each society
58
preindustrial market exchange
central marketplace, bargaining/set or fixed prices
59
aztec market system
- state economy: tribute based on specific resources
- marketplaces: household craft production
- pochteca: protected merchant class
60
redistrubution
flow of goods into a center, then back out; characteristic of chiefdoms
61
reciprocity
exchange between social equals, normally related by kinship, marriage, or close personal ties
62
potlatch
native american tradition from the PNW, surplus resources are gathered and burned, prevents resource hoarding
63
power
ability to exercise one's will over others
64
authority
the formal, socially approved use of power
65
band
small kin-based group found among foragers
66
tribe
economy based on horticulture and pastoralism
67
chiefdom
intermediate form between tribe and state that featured differential access to resources and a permanent political structure
68
state
formal governmental structure and socioeconomic stratification
69
charismatic authority
headmen
70
traditional authority
chiefs
71
legal authority
rulers
72
village head
local tribal leader with limited authority
73
big man
like a village head, except his authority is regional and he may have influence over more than one village
74
pantribal sodalities
groups that extend across a whole tribe, spanning several villages
75
superordinate
upper, elite group in a stratified society, privileged access to wealth, power, and valued resources
76
subordinate
lower, underprivileged group in a stratified society, limited by the privileged group
77
elements of state control
- population control
- judiciary system
- enforcement
- fiscal support
- social control
78
hegemony
subordinates comply by internalizing rulers' values and accepting the "naturalness" of domination
79
religion
belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces
80
animism
belief in spiritual beings
81
polytheism
belief in multiple gods
82
monotheism
belief in a single, all-powerful deity
83
ritual
formal, stylized, repetitive, stereotyped behavior, based on a liturgical order
84
magic
supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims
85
totem
animal, plant, or geographic feature associated with a specific social group, to which that totem is sacred or symbolically important
86
cosmology
system, often religious, for imagining and understanding the universe
87
world's largest religions
christianity, islam, hinduism, buddhism
88
antimodernism
rejecting the modern in favor of what is percieved as an earlier, purer, and better way of life
89
fundamentalism
advocating for strict fidelity to a religion's presumed founding principles
90
arts
an object, event, or other expressive form that evokes an aesthetic reaction
91
expressive culture
describes manifestation of human creativity
92
ethnomusicology
comparative study of the world's music and of music as an aspect of culture and society
93
capitalist world economy
world system committed to production for sale or exchange with the object of maximising profits rather than supplying domestic needs
94
capital
wealth or resources invested with the intent of producing profit
95
world-system theory
a social system, based on wealth and power differentials, that transcends individual countries
96
core
dominant position in the world system, nations with advanced means of production
97
semiperiphery
industrialized nations that fill and intermediate position between core and periphery
98
periphery
world's least privileged and least powerful nations
99
bourgeoisie
owned the means of production
100
working class/proletariat
people who had to sell their labor to survive
101
proletarianization
separation of workers from the means of production
102
colonialism
political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time
103
imperialism
policy of extending the rule of one nation or empire over others
104
neoliberalism
governments should not regulate private enterprise; free market forces should rule
105
small-c communism
social system in which property is owned by the community and in which people work for the common good
106
large-C Communism
political movement and doctrine seeking to overthrow capitalism and establish a form of communism such as that which prevailed in the Soviet Union (1917-1991)
107
socialism
sociopolitical organization and economic system in which the means of production are owned and controlled by the government
108
ascribed status
social status based on limited choice
109
achieved status
social status based on choices or accomplishments
110
race
an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis
111
hypodescent
children of mixed unions assigned to the same group as their minority parent
112
assimilation
the absorption of minorities within a dominant culture
113
plural society
a society with economically interdependent ethnic groups
114
multiculturalism
the view of cultural diversity as valuable and worth maintaining
115
cultural colonialism
the internal domination by one group and its culture or ideology over others
116
ambilineal descent
a flexible descent rule, neither patrilineal nor matrilineal
117
mana
a sacred, impersonal force
118
liminality
the in-between phase of a rite of passage
119
communitas
an intense feeling of social solidarity
120
market principle
buying, selling, and valuation based on supply and demand
121
generalized reciprocity
closely related, deferred return
122
negative reciprocity
strangers, immediate return
123
