Exam 3 review Flashcards by Dominic Maiuro

Which pair of laryngeal cartilages are able to rotate in order to change the tension of the vocal ligaments?

Arytenoids

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The arytenoid cartilages are able to rotate on which other paired cartilages?

corniculates

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What ligament extends from the base of the zygomatic process to the mandibular neck?

Temporomandibular

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Identify the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa.

Slides words exactly:

superior = greater wing of sphenoid

lateral = coronoid process and ramus of mandible

inferior = continuous with neck

posterior = TMJ and styloid

the picture is good otherwise

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List the contents of the infratemporal fossa.

Mandibular Nerve (CNV3/ branch of the Trigeminal Nerve), Maxillary Artery, medial and lateral pterygoid, lower part of temporalis mm, chorda tympani nerve (stems from CNVII/facial responsible anterior 2/3 sensation of tongue),

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Blood supply to the larynx is through the superior and inferior laryngeal arteries, which themselves are direct branches from what arteries?

superior laryngeal artery branches from the superior thryoid artery

inferior laryngeal artery branches from the inferior thyroid artery

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What structure(s) passes through the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors?

Stylopharyngeus M, CN IX/ glossopharyngeal N, and Facial Artery branch called tonsillar.

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Which branch from the internal carotid artery supplies areas of the face?

supratrochlear, supraorbital, [first two mostly forehead and scalp] and angular arteries.

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Identify the component arterial branches that make up the circle of Willis.

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Compare the organization of the meninges and related spaces of the brain to those of the spinal cord.

Superfical to deep..

Epidural space (absent around brain; @ spine conatins fat and internal venous plexus)

dura mater

subdural space

leptomeninx- (arachnoid membrane, arachnoid villi in the subarachnoid space, pai mater)

The pia mater forms to the brain following all the contours and sulci

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Describe the diaphragma sellae and its attachments.

it is a reflection of the dura mater.

layes over the hypophyseal fossa.

Attachments:

i. tuberculum sellae to the posterior clinoid process and dorsum sellae and covers the sella turcica and pituitary gland within
ii. medial continuation of the superior roof of the cavernous sinus

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Which dural sinuses do/do not connect directly with the confluence of sinuses?

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Identify the Falx Cerebri

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Identify the Tentorium Cerebelli.

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Identify Falx Cerebelli.

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Cerebrospinal fluid circulates in which of the spaces associated with the meninges?

subarachnoid space.

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Describe the flow of CSF through the subarachnoid space.

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The anterior spinal artery is an unpaired artery that supplies part of the upper region of the spinal cord. It is formed from fused branches off which other arteries?

The vertebral arteries join to make both the Basilar Artery (which continues into the brain) and the Anterior Spinal Artery which heads in the opposite direction to supply the anterior aspect of the spinal cord.

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Olfactory fibers making up the olfactory nerves pass from the olfactory mucosa to the olfactory bulbs through which structure? Axons that make up the optic nerve originate from which cells in the retina?

Olfactory fibers making up the olfactory Nn pass from the olfactory mucosa to the olfactory bulbs through which of the following? → cribriform plate

Ganglionic layer of retina (NOT rods and cones)

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Describe the functions and innervation of the six extrinsic muscles of the eye.

Lateral Rectus.

Function: abducts eyeball

Innervation: CN VI

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Describe the functions and innervation of the six extrinsic muscles of the eye.

Superior Oblique.

Function: abducts, depresses, medially rotates eyeball

innervation:CN IV

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Describe the functions and innervation of the six extrinsic muscles of the eye.

Inferior Rectus.

Function: depresses, adducts, rootates eyeball laterally

Innervation: CN III

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Describe the functions and innervation of the six extrinsic muscles of the eye.

Medial Rectus.

Function: adducts eyeball

Innervation: CN III

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Describe the functions and innervation of the six extrinsic muscles of the eye.

Superior Rectus.

Function: elevates, adducts, medially rotates eyeball

Innervation: CN III

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Describe the functions and innervation of the six extrinsic muscles of the eye. Inferior oblique:

Function: abducts, elevates, laterally rotates eyeball Innervation: CN III

Which cranial nerve supplies motor innervation to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?

Spinal Accessory N (CN XI)

Which cranial nerve supplies extrinsic and intrinsic muscle of the tongue?

CN XII - hypoglossal nerve.

The spinal accessory nerve exits the cranial cavity through which foramen?

It and the vagus nerve leave through the jugular foramen.

CN II exits the skull through..

Optic Canal

CN XII exits the skull through..

the hypoglossal N exits via the hypoglossal foramen

What cranial nerves exit the cranial cavity through the superior orbital fissure?

III, IV, V-1(ophthalmic branch-frontal, lacrimal, nasociliary), VI or Occulormotor, Trochlear, trigemnial opthalimc, abducens

Parasympathetic fibers that control the shape of the lens and pupil are carried by which cranial nerve?

Oculomotor N (CN III)

The infraorbital, anterior superior alveolar, zygomatic, palatine, nasal, and posterior superior alveolar nerves are all branches of which cranial nerve?

CN V-2 or the maxillary branch of the Trigeminal Nerve. This exits the cranial cavity through the foramen rotundum.

The mandibular branch of the trigeminal exits the cranial cavity through which foramen?

foramen ovale

Cell bodies of sensory neurons carrying general sensory information from the dura of the middle and anterior cranial fossae, the external surface of the ear drum, and the anterior two-thirds of the tongue are located in which of the cranial ganglia?

Trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion GSS

Special visceral motor (SVM) modality supplies the stylopharyngeus muscle via which cranial nerve?

Glossopharyngeal N (IX)

The chorda tympani carries branches of which cranial nerve inside the petrous portion of the temporal bone?

Facial N (CN VII)

Taste sensation from the posterior third of the tongue is carried by which cranial nerve?

Glossopharyngeal N (IX) - SVS

Of the three auditory ossicles, which one is attached to the tympanic membrane?

Malleus attached to tympanic membrane Incus Stapes attached to oval window (fenestra vestibuli) Stapedius muscle inserts onto neck of stapes

Most of the roof of the orbit is formed from which bone of the skull?

Orbital plate of frontal bone

The crista galli is an extension of which bone?

Ethmoid Bone

Parasympathetic supply to the lacrimal gland is via which cranial nerve?

Facial N (CN VII)

Cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers to the ciliary ganglion (source of cell bodies of postganglionic fibers to the sphincter pupillae muscle) are located in which nucleus?

Edinger-Westphal Nucleus

Which extrinsic muscle of the eye abducts the eyeball?

Lateral Rectus

Which cranial nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland?

Glossopharyngeal N (CN IX) GVM

Identify the components of the nasal septum.

Septal cartilage Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Vomer

The Sphenoidal sinuses open into which spaces/recesses via?

nasal cavity via sphenoethmoidal recess

The Ethmoidal sinuses open into which spaces/recesses?

Middle meatus.

The frontal sinuses open into which spaces/recesses via ...

Middle meatus via frontonasal duct

The maxillary sinuses open into which spaces/recesses via the semilunar hiatus?

Middle meatus

Name the muscles elevate the mandible.

Masseter, Temporalis and Medial Pterygoid

What structure represents the communication pathway between the infratemporal fossa and the orbit?

Inferior orbital fissure

What structure represents the communication pathway between the infratemporal fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa?

Pterygomaxillary Fissure

The maxillary artery is divided into three parts with reference to its branching pattern. What structure is used to demarcate the three parts?

Lateral pterygoid muscle

Which artery(s) branches from the third part of the maxillary artery?

Posterior superior alveolar

The middle meningeal artery enters the cranial cavity via which foramen?

Foramen spinosum

Which hypaxial muscle is attached to the hyoid bone but is not part of the infrahyoid group?

geniohyoid.

Which of the scalene muscles attaches to the second rib?

Posterior Scalene

Which of the two scalene muscles attaches to the first rib

anterior and middle scalene

The anterior belly of the digastric nerve is derived from the first pharyngeal arch and is innervated by which nerve?

Mylohyoid Nerve branch of CN V-3 or the Mandibular Branch of the Trigeminal nerve.

Which muscle consists of two bellies, originating from the body of the hyoid and the superior border of the scapula?

omohyoid

Branches off the external carotid artery are grouped into terminal, anterior, posterior, or medial, depending on which direction they branch from the external carotid. Which branch(es is a terminal branch?

occipital, and posterior auricular

superior thyroid, lingual, and facial

Ascending Pharyngeal

The nerve branch to the geniohyoid muscle originates from C1 and runs partly with which cranial nerve?

Hypoglossal N (CN XII)

Ventral rami from which levels of the spinal cord make up the cervical plexus?

C1-4

Which infrahyoid muscles are not supplied through the ansa cervicalis?

thyrohyoid

What are the spinal cord levels of origin for the phrenic nerve?

C3-C5 "C3, 4 , 5 keep the diaphragm alive"

Which structure(s) enters the pharynx by passing between the base of the cranium and the superior edge of the superior pharyngeal constrictor?

Auditory tube

Describe the location of the vallecular recesses?

lateral to the median glossoepiglottic fold.

What landmark represents the narrowest part of the laryngeal cavity?

rima glottidis

Special visceral motor (SVM) modality supplies the stylopharyngeus muscle via which cranial nerve?

Glossopharyngeal N (CN IX)

The chorda tympani carries branches of which cranial nerve inside the petrous portion of the temporal bone?

the peculiar branch of the facial nerve CN VII.

Taste sensation from the posterior third of the tongue is carries by which cranial nerve?

CN IX

Which muscle(s) associated with the mandible does/do not elevate the mandible?

Lateral Pterygoid.

The maxillary artery is divided into three parts with reference to its branching pattern. Which structure is used to demarcate the three parts?

Lateral pterygoid muscle

The trigeminal nerve has three main branches, which are often considered cranial nerves in their own right. Name these three branches, the foramina they exit through, and the main branches of these branches as well as their modalities.

Ophthalmic (V1) --- Exit through supraorbital foramen -- Branches: frontal, lacrimal, and nasociliary Maxillary (V2) -- Exit through foramen rotundum -- Branches: infraorbital, anterior superior alveolar, zygomatic, palatine, nasal, and posterior superior alveolar Mandibular (V3) -- Exit through foramen ovale -- Branches: auriculotemporal, inferior alveolar, lingual, and buccal

Explain the Trigeminal Nerves modalities.

GSS - Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion * Carry sensory information from: * Face and anterior scalp, Conjunctiva and eyeball, Paranasal sinuses, Anterior 2/3 of tongue, External surface of ear drum, and Dura of middle and anterior cranial fossae SVM - Cell bodies of these motor neurons are located in the masticator nucleus * These motor neurons supply: * (temporalis, masseter, pterygoids) = muscles of mastication, Tensor veli palatini, Tensor tympani, Mylohyoid, Anterior belly of digastric

In which area of the brain is the medullary rhythmicity located?

Same area of brain as cardiac center and vasomotor center

Extensive bilateral lesions involving the mid-pons and the midbrain reticular formation are associated with which condition?

Coma

Which area of the brain stem is thought to be involved in pain suppression?

Periaqueductal gray of the brainstem

Floccular lobes in the cerebellum of reptiles may correspond to restiform bodies in cartilaginous fishes; this function is most likely related to what sensation?

Equilibrium and possibly motor control

What is thought to be the function of the magnocellular region of the reticular activating system (RAS)? * Receives information from reticular formation, sensory cranial Nn, cerebellum, hypothalamus, basal nuclei, and cerebral cortex * Send information to thalamus, hypothalamus, and spinal cord * Picking up information from a variety of sources

Picking up information from a variety of sources

Cranial nerve nuclei V, VI, and VII are found in which subdivision of the brain?

Pons

The vestibular nuclear complex, associated with balance and equilibrium is located in which of the brain subdivisions?

Myelencephalon in the medullary nuclei

Which area of the brain secretes melatonin and is involved in regulating circadian rhythms?

Pineal body

Which thalamic nuclei are involved in relaying sensory information to the primary auditory cortex of the cerebral cortex?

Medial geniculate body

Which thalamic nuclei are involved in relaying sensory information to the primary visual cortex of the cerebral cortex?

Lateral geniculate body

What area of the brain may be considered to be the center for homeostasis?

hypothalamus

There are many myelinated tracts comprising the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres. Which group of tracts connect gyri to gyri in the same hemisphere?

Arcuate

Melanin-containing, dopaminergic neurons and iron-containing cells that secrete serotonin and GABA are major components of which structure in the brain?

Substantia nigra

What landmark is represented by the Lamina terminalis in the telencephalon?

Original cephalic boundary of the neural tube Separates the 2 lateral ventricles

Proper chewing (mastication) requires that the mandible be moved from side to side and to be retracted and protracted. Which of the following muscles of mastication function to retract the mandible?

Temporalis

The anterior and middle superior alveolar arteries are directly branches of which of the following?

infraorbital artery

The posterior belly of the digastric M is derived from the 2nd pharyngeal arch and is innervated by which of the following Nn?

Facial

Almost all infrahyoid Mm are characterized by which of the following innervation patterns?

ansa cervicalis

Which of the following Mm serves as the posterior border of the anterior cervical triangle?

Sternocleidomastoid

The cervical sympathetic trunk ascends on the anterior surface(s) of which of the following Mm?

Longus colli and capitis Mm

Describe the location of the piriform fossae

Posterior to the uvula

Almost all of the pharyngeal musculature is supplied by the vagus nerve. Which of the following Mm is supplied by the glossopharyngeal N?

Stylopharyngeus M

Two small cartilages posses two process each, a muscular process and a vocal process. The vocal attachemtns on the two small cartilages are attached to the vocal ligaments. These cartilages are able to swivel by way of a ball and socket type of joint, allowing them to increase or decrease tension on the vocal ligaments. The ball and socket joints allow these cartilages to swivel on which of the following?

cricoid cartilages

The aryepiglottic ligaments and the corniculate cartilages form boundaries for which of the following?

Laryngral Inlet

The gap above the middle pharyngeal constrictor is traversed by which of the following Nn?

glossopharyngeal Nn

Cranial Nn characterized by the special visceral motor modality supply which of the following?

Mm derived from pharyngeal arches

The superior oblique extrinsic M of the eye is innervated by which of the following cranial Nn?

trochlear

Which of the following extrinsic Mm of the eye is NOT supplied by the oculomotor N?

Lateral rectus and superior oblique

The innervation of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius Mm would be described by which of the following modalities?

special visceral motor

Olfactory fibers making up the olfactory Nn pass from the olfactory mucosa to the olfactory bulbs through which of the following?

cribriform plate

The origin of the axons that make up the optic N originate from which of the following?

Ganglion Cells of the Retina

Which of the following is the newest addition to the telencephalon in mammals?

neocortex

Increase in sexual activity, compulsive tendency to place objects in mouth, decreased emotionality, changes in eating behavior and visual agnosia are characteristics of the Kluver-Bucy syndrome. This results when which of the following is/are bilaterally destroyed?

Amygdala. why does the start of this stem sound like an infomercial?

Lesions affecting the trigeminal N resulting in loss of general sensation to the face on the same side and paralysis to Mm of mastication occur in which subdivision?

Metencephalon

The nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis are found in which of the following brain subdivisions?

myelencephalon

Vagal lobes are found in which of the following groups of organisms?

Fish

Exam 3 review Flashcards

(115 cards)